Grade 10 Biology Review: Cells, Lab Equipment, Mitosis, and Terminology

Vocabulary flashcards covering Grade 10 cell biology, lab equipment, cell cycle phases, mitosis stages, biology branches, and Greek/Latin roots.

Plant Cell Organelles

Organelles found specifically in plant cells which include a central vacuole, chloroplast, and cell wall.

Laboratory Apparatus Overview

Common equipment used in biology and chemistry labs, including Bunsen burners, Erlenmeyer flasks, graduated cylinders, test tubes, and tongs.

Erlenmeyer flask

A laboratory flask with a flat bottom, a conical body, and a cylindrical neck used to hold and mix liquids.

Graduated cylinder

A tall, narrow container marked with precise measurements used to measure liquid volumes.

Scoopula

A spatula-like scoop utensil used to transfer solids in laboratory settings.

Mortar and pestle

A pair of tools used to crush and grind solid laboratory substances into fine powders or pastes.

Cell Cycle

The series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide, where a cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells.

Interphase

The period of cell growth that occurs between cell division stages, divided into three phases: $G_1$, $S$, and $G_2$.

$G_1$ Phase

A period of activity in interphase in which cells do most of their growing, increase in size, and synthesize new proteins and organelles.

$S$ Phase

The phase of interphase in which chromosomes are replicated and DNA molecules are synthesized.

$G_2$ Phase

The phase of interphase during which many of the organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced, preparing the cell to enter the M phase.

Prophase

The stage of mitosis where chromatin condenses into chromosomes, centrioles separate, a spindle forms, and the nuclear envelope breaks down.

Metaphase

The stage of mitosis in which chromosomes line up across the center of the cell and each chromosome is connected to a spindle fiber at its centromere.

Anaphase

The stage of mitosis where sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes and are moved apart.

Telophase

The stage of mitosis where chromosomes gather at opposite ends of the cell, lose their distinct shapes, and two new nuclear envelopes form.

Cytokinesis

The process where the cytoplasm pinches in half, leaving each daughter cell with an identical set of duplicate chromosomes.

Microscope Lab: Interphase, Mitosis, & Cytokinesis

A laboratory activity focused on observing microscope slides and drawing the stages of cell division including interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis.

Biology

The study of life, derived from the roots 'bios' (life) and 'ology' (the study of).

Anatomy

The branch of biology studying the structure of organisms.

Astrobiology

The branch of biology studying the evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe.

Biochemistry

The branch of biology dealing with chemical substances and reactions in living things.

Bioengineering

The study of biology through means of engineering with a focus on applied knowledge related to biotechnology.

Botany

The branch of biology that studies plants.

Conservation Biology

The study focused on the conservation, protection, or restoration of the natural environment.

Cytology

The branch of biology focused on cells.

Developmental Biology

The study of how living things form and develop.

Ecology

The study of how living things interact with their environment.

Embryology

The study of the development of the embryo.

Genetics

The study of genes and heredity.

Marine Biology

The study of ocean life and ecosystems.

Microbiology

The study of micro-organisms.

Nano-biology

The field integrating nanotechnology with living things.

Neurobiology / Neuropsychology

The study of the nervous system, mental health, and disorders.

Paleontology

The branch of biology studying fossils.

Pathology

The study of animal diseases.

Physiology

The study of how living things perform life functions.

Taxonomy

The branch of biology focused on the classification of living things.

Zoology

The study of animals.

Immunology

The study of the immune system, health, and diseases.

Oncology

The study of cancer.

cardio-

A biological root meaning 'of the heart'.

cerebr-

A biological root meaning 'of the brain'.

chloro-

A biological root meaning 'green'.

cyto-, -cyte

A biological root meaning 'cell, of the cell'.

-lysis

A biological root meaning 'bursts or breaks apart'.

-itis

A biological root meaning 'inflammation, infection'.

pseudo-

A biological root meaning 'false'.

-osteo

A biological root meaning 'of the bone(s)'.