Nationalism and Democratic Reform

Vincent Oge

Was publicly executed for speaking in Haitian against slavery, set off the Haitian Revolution

Pierre Toussaint

Led the only successful slave revolt in history in Haiti and established the first independent black republic

The Haitian Revolution

Slave revolt —> Napoleon sent soldiers but ultimately let go of the colony because most of the army died from tropical diseases —> France lost their only property in the

Miguel Hidalgo

Mexican priest who started the revolt against Spain in 1810; gave the “Grito de Dolores” and led an unsuccessful revolt

Jose Morelos

Organized and led the Mexican War of Independence; executed in 1815 for his contributions to the revolution

Augustin de Iturbide

First emperor of Mexico from 1822 to his abdication in 1823; removed from throne on charges of extreme violence and extortion

Simon Bolivar

Liberated Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Panama, and Bolivia, but failed to unite all of South America into Gran Colombia; advocated for republicanism and democracy, distributed much land back to the indigenous people

Jose de San Martin

Liberated Argentina and Chile with his volunteer army, gave his army to Bolivar for the Battle Above the Clouds

Dom Pedro

Led brazil though a constitutional monarchy after the departure of Portugal; abdicated the throne in 1831 because he was unable to deal with the issues of Brazil and Portugal simultaneously

Creoles

white plantation owners sent from Europe

Peninsulares

Spanish officials sent by the government to rule

How Latin American revolutions started

Individuals stirred up the Creoles against the Spanish government, incentivized by the increase in power if freed from the government

The Battle Above the Clouds

The armies of Jose de San Martin and Simon Bolivar meet in Peru; San Martin leaves his soldiers to Bolivar; huge South American army fights Spanish army; kicked out

Gran Colombia

Simon Bolivar’s ideal united South America

Germany before unification

Around 38 independent states with different kings and customs; people thought of their state as their country; taxes on goods going in and out, driving up prices

Otto Von Bismarck

In charge of the parliament + much more powerful than Kaiser Wilhelm I; laid the foundation for German unification

The Zollverein

economic unification of Germany that worked to remove import and export taxes across German principalities; made citizens of different states more likely to think of themselves as Germans

German war with Denmark

Prussia and Austria invaded Denmark for Germany over the areas of Schleisswig and Holstein (German speaking population but areas in Denmark)

Result of the German war with Denmark

Austrian Schleisswig and a Prussian Holstein; established Prussia as a protector of German interests and created a sense of national pride among German citizens

Seven-Weeks War

Continuation of the Schleiswig and Holstein conflict; Prussian victory over Austria; Prussia created the North German Confederation and gained support of Northern German states while preserving Austria as future allies

North German Confederation

Created in 1867 after the Seven Weeks War and united Northern German states with Prussia in a military alliance; gave Prussian gov (Wilhelm and Bismarck) significant power over Germany; southern states joined in 1870 and 1871

Franco Prussian War

Otto Von Bismarck set an altered letter to Napoleon III, leading France to declare war; Prussian victory and collapse of the Second French Empire; Southern states joined North German Confederation and Wilhelm I was crowned emperor of German Empire

Peace treaty after the Franco-Prussian War

Ceded Alsace Lorraine to Germany and included hefty reparations on France; established Germany as an emergent European power and decreased France’s power; likely to have been a factor of WWI

Count Camille Cavour’s actions that led to Italian unification

Strengthened Sardinia economically and militarily

Helped England and France during the Crimean War

Made a secret alliance with Napoleon III to gain France’s alliance in any war with Austria

Incited war with Austria; France gave Sardinia Lombardy after their victory

Unification with Lombardy

Annexed during the Second War of Independence —> Austria easily defeated by France

Given to Kingdom of Sardinia because it was an Italian speaking area

Unification with Parma/Lucca/Romagna/Tuscany

The French defeat of Austria allowed Sardinia to annex small northern states

Unification with Sicily/Naples

Garibaldi (who had been involved with 1848 revolution) gathered a private army (called Red Shirt) to liberate Sicily from Spanish rule; annexed Sicily into the Kingdom of Sardinia

Unification with Venetia

Italy allied itself with Prussia in the Austro-Prussian war and was given Venetia by Prussia

Unification with Papal states/Umbria

Joined in fragments; some in 1859, Rome in 1870

Unification with Rome

Pope’s presence in Rome and Venetia led France to be an obstacle in unification; Rome given to Italy after Prussian victory in the Franco-Prussian War