crime and deviance aqa alevel sociology

Hagan

Criticizes social construction; some crimes (e.g. murder) universally wrong

Durkheim

Crime is inevitable; reinforces boundaries and allows social change

Erikson

Crime management maintains social control, not just progress

Merton

Strain theory: blocked goals cause innovation (crime) and other adaptations

Cohen

Status frustration causes delinquent subcultures among working-class boys

Cloward & Ohlin

Blocked opportunities create criminal, conflict, or retreatist subcultures

Miller

Working-class values like toughness encourage crime

Sutherland

White-collar crime is hidden, profitable, and less punished

Reiman

The rich are less likely to be punished for crimes

Taylor, Walton & Young

Deviance is political resistance to capitalism

Gilroy

Black criminality is a myth; reflects anti-colonial resistance

Hall

1970s moral panic about “black muggers” serves capitalist interests

Becker

Deviance is not the act, but the label society attaches

Cicourel

Class bias influences justice system decisions

Lemert

Primary deviance = act; Secondary deviance = acceptance of deviant label

Cohen (interactionist)

Media amplifies deviance (Mods & Rockers)

Rosenhan

Mental illness labels are socially constructed (pseudo patients)

Atkinson

Suicide classification depends on social labeling

Jock Young

Labeling theory ignores real crime rise and victims

Braithwaite

Disintegrative vs reintegrative shaming

Wilson & Herrnstein

Biological traits + rational choice cause crime

Felson

Routine Activity Theory: crime needs offender, target, and no guardian

Wilson & Kelling

Broken Windows: disorder leads to crime; zero tolerance policing

Young

Crime drop due to social changes; zero tolerance risks minority targeting

Lea & Young

Crime from relative deprivation, marginalisation, subcultures

Murray

Welfare dependency causes crime; favors tough discipline

Pollak

Chivalry thesis: women treated more leniently

Heidensohn

Double deviance: women punished more for sexual/gender crimes

Messerschmidt

Crime expresses hegemonic masculinity

Winlow

Post-industrial decline fuels alternative masculinity crime

Reiner

Police canteen culture causes institutional racism

Hall & Gilroy

Criminalization of black people as political scapegoating

Lea & Young (ethnicity)

Crime in black communities linked to deprivation

Box & Tombs

Corporate crime widespread and harmful

Castells

Global criminal networks in drugs, cybercrime, trafficking

Taylor

Globalisation increases inequality and crime

Hobbs & Dunningham

Crime networks are local but globally connected

Glenny

McMafias: economic crime organizations focused on profit

Beck

Risk society: man-made global dangers like climate change

Cohen (state crime)

Governments deny wrongdoing (spiral of denial)

Durkheim (punishment)

Modern punishment restores social order (restitutive)

Marxists

Laws/prisons serve ruling class control

Foucault

Shift to surveillance punishment (Panopticon)

Goffman

Inmates resist control, not fully passive

Mathiesen

Synoptic surveillance: many watch the few (e.g. filming police)

Garland

Culture of Control: rise of mass incarceration (US/UK)

Wolfgang

Victim precipitation: victims contribute to their victimization

Walklate

Critical victimology underplays individual agency

Brookman

Violent victimization often involves situational risk-taking