AP HuGeo - Unit 2 Key Terms

Population Distribution

The pattern of human settlement -- the spread of people across earth.

Population density

A measure of the average population per square mile or kilometer of an area. It measures how crowded a place is.

Temperate climates

Areas of the land that are typically the most densely populated with moderate temperatures and adequate precipitation amounts.

Social stratification

The hierarchical division of people into groups based on factors such as economic status, power, ethnicity or religion.

Arithmetic population density

The most commonly used population density, calculated by dividing a region's population by its total area.

Physiological population density

Calculated by dividing the population by the amount of arable land.

Arable land

Land suitable for growing crops.

Carrying capacity

The population it can support without significant environmental deterioration.

Agricultural population density

Compares the number of farmers to the area of arable land.

overpopulation

When a region has more people than it can support -- partially dependent on its population distribution and density.

Population Pyramid

Graphs that show the age-sex distribution of a given population which indicate whether the population is growing rapidly, growing slowly, or in decline

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

The percentage of which a country's population is growing or declining, without the impact of migration. Calculated by RNI = (CBR-CDR)/10 (%)

Cohort

Vertical axis on a pyramid that shows age groups. Often listed in the middle but can be shown on the left or right side.

Birth deficit

The slow down of births.

Baby boom

A spike (increase) in births.

Baby bust

The end of a baby boom when births are lower until the boomers reach child-bearing age.

echo

An increase that reflects an earlier baby boom.

Infrastructure

The facilities and structures that allow people to carry out typical activities.

Voluntary migration

Movement of people by choice.

Push factors

Negative circumstances, events, or conditions present where people live, reasons people decide to move away.

Pull factors

Positive conditions and circumstances of a place that people are drawn to once they decide to leave a place.

Asylum

Protection from the danger faced in one's home country.

Subsistence Agriculture

Areas with higher agricultural density and most of the farming taking place is providing crops and livestock for only the farmers' families and close community

Dependency ratio

The number of people in a "dependent" age group (under age 15 or over age 65) divided by the number of people in the working-age group (ages 15-64), multiplied (Dependent People )(# of people in working age group ) X 100

Sex ratio

Used when evaluating population composition, represents the proportion of males to females in a population

Demographics

Data about the structures and characteristics of human populations

Crude birth rate (CBR)

The number of live births per year for each 1,000 people.

Total fertility rate (TFR)

the average number of children who would be born per woman aged 15 to 49 in a country, assuming every woman lived through her childbearing years.

Infant mortality rate

The number of children who die before their first birthday.

Crude death rate (CDR)

The total number of deaths a year per 1,000 people.

Life expectancy

The number of years the average person will live.

Doubling Time

The time it takes for a population to double in size, estimated with the Rule of 70 equation- 70 / growth rate per year

Urbanization

The growth and development of cities

Demographic Transition Model

Model that shows five typical stages of population change that countries pass through as they modernize.

Malthusian Theory

The theory by Thomas Malthus that the world's population was growing faster than the rate of food production, leading to mass starvation.

Neo-Malthusians

Those who have adapted Malthus' ideas to modern conditions, arguing that global overpopulation is a serious problem and even greater threat for the future.

Epidemiological Transition Model

Predictable stages in disease and life expectancy that countries experience as they develop, largely the result of changes in causes of death

Anti-natalist policies

Programs designed to decrease the number of births in a place.

Pro-natalist policies

Programs designed to increase the fertility rate in a place.

Land degradation

Long-term damage to the soil's ability to support life

Human Migration

The permanent movement of people from one place to another

Emigration

Movement away from a location

Immigration

Movement towards a location

Net migration

The different between the number of emigrants and immigrants in a location such as a city or a country

Gravity model of migration

The belief in the greater pull in larger communities and the assumption that more people are likely to migrate from a large community than a small one.

Forced migration

A type of movement in which people do not choose to relocate, but do so under threat of violence.

Transnational migration

When people move from one country to another, or internationally rather than internally.

Internal Migration

Movement within a country's own borders

Transhumance

Process of herders moving with their animals to different pastures during different seasons

Chain migration

When people move to communities where relatives or friends migrated previously.

Step migration

A process in which migrants reach their eventual destination through a series of smaller moves.

Intervening obstacles

Barriers that make reaching someone's desired destination more difficult.

intervening opportunity

Opportunities en route of migration that disrupt the original migration plan

Guest workers

Transnational migrants who relocate to a new country to provide labor that isn't available locally.

Circular Migration

Migrant workers move back and forth between their country of origin and the destination country where they work temporary jobs

refugees

Migrants who must flee across international borders in order to stay alive and get away from a political or environmental crisis in their home country. These individuals have a well-founded fear that they will be harmed if they return home.

Internally displaced person (IDPs)

Migrants who must flee to another part of the same country quickly in order to stay alive, without bringing their belongings, to get away from a political or environmental crisis in their home country. These individuals intend to return home when it is safe to do so.

Human Trafficking

The recruitment, transportation, harboring, or receipt of persons by improper means (such as force, abduction, fraud, or coercion.)

repatriate

Refugee return to their home country

Interregional migration

Movement from one region of the country to another

Intraregional migration

Movement within one region of the country

quotas

Terms on the number of immigrants allowed into a country each year

Kinship links

Networks of relatives and friends that had led the way for migrants to follow the same paths and settle in the same places as those before them

Skills gap

A shortage of people trained in a particular industry in a country's workforce

remittances

Money earned by emigrants abroad and sent back to home countries

Brain drain

The loss of trained or educated people to the lure of work in another, often richer, country

Globalization

The expansion of economic, cultural, and political processes on a worldwide scale

World Systems Theory

Immanuel Wallerstein's theory to describe the spatial and functional relationships between countries in the world economy, helps explain the history of uneven development between countries

periphery

Countries that have less wealth, lower education levels, and less sophisticated technology

semi-periphery

Countries where both core and periphery processes ocurr

core

Wealthier countries with higher education levels and more advanced technology