exam 2 sports (copy)

classical conditioning

the type of learning that takes place when a conditioned stimulus alone elicits a desired one

unconditioned stimulus

a stimulus that elicits an involuntary (unconditioned) response

unconditioned response

an automatic response to a particular stimulus

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conditioned stimulus

a previously neutral event that elicits a response when paired with an unconditioned stimulus

conditioned response

the response that is elicited by a stimulus that ordinarily would not elicit such a response

reciprocal inhibition

a form of classical conditioning that promotes confidence by pairing stressful thoughts with behavior that is incompatible with an anxiety reaction

operant learning

the type of learning that takes place in ressponse to the application or withdrawl of rewards and punishments

primary reinforcement

associated with meeting primary needs such as air, food and water

secondary reinforcement

derives its reinforcing through its association with primary needs;examples include money, medals, pats on the back and warm smiles

positive reinforcement

use of rewards after a desired response will be repeated

negative reinforcement

withholding of an aversive stimulus if a desired behavior occurs

continuous reinforcement

rewarding desireable behavior each time it occurs, or a 100% schedule of reinforcement; good procedure for establishing behavior

intermittent reinforcement

rewarding desireable behavior on a sporadic or more unpredictable basis; a good procedure for maintaining a behavior

fixed ratio schedule

a schedule in which the reinforcement occurs based on a fixed amount of work output

variable ratio schedule

a schedule in which the reinforcement is dispensed on an unpredictable regimen of work output

fixed interval schedule

a schedule in which the rewards are dispensed at predetermined time intervals

variable interval schedule

a schedule that dispenses reinforcement at unpredictable time intervals

omission training

said to have taken place whena response results in the loss of scheduled reward. in the case of either punishment or ommission training , the effect is a negative one that is intended to diminish the strenth of the response

punishment

the delivery of aversive stimulation contingent on some behavior

effective behavioral coaching

coaching techniques based on the indentification of specific, targeted behaviors rather than on impressions and poorly defined training criteria

baseline

a measurment or set of data used as a basis for comparison

differential reinforcement

reinforcement of behavior by consistently praising correct performance and selectively ignoring errors

shaping

selective reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired response

public recording

a reinforcement technique in which formal evaluations are publicly displayed

ABA design

a type of research design involving recording during nontreatment A, a treatment period B, followed by nontreatment conditions A..

fading

a procedure that ensures the persistence of desired behaviors after reinforcement is ended

conditioned reinforcement

reinforcement that occurs when preciously neutral stimulus that has been paired with a primary reinforcer elicits the same response as the primary reinforcer

token system

type of conditioned reinforcement in which a token can be exchanged for something more meaningful, such as special privelages, is given as a reward for desired behavior

chaining

a stimulus response chain in which each response except the last serves as a signal for the next response

total chain

a behavioral chain in which all behaviors are completed at once

forward chain

a behavioral chain emphasizing step by step mastery in a forward direction

backward chain

a behavioral chain in which behaviors are mastered in a backward direction; mastering golf by starting on the green and working sequentially to the tee box is an example

premack principle

the idea that the opportunity to engage in a preferred activity can be used as a reward for engaging in a less probable activity

response cost

penalizing undesirable behavior by taking away a reward object previously gained for appropriate behavior

distributed practice

practice sessions in which training trials are separated by long periods of rest

massed practice

practice sessions in which training is crammed into a short time frame

learned helplessness

a sense of helplessness transferred form a situation in which a person has no control to new situation in which he or she might experience success with a little effort

arousal

an all inclusive broad-ranging continuum of physiological and psychological activation at any point in time

anxiety

a negatively charged emotional state characterized by internal discomfor and nervousness

cerebral cortex

neural tissues making up the brain's outer covering; cortical activation determines the extent to which an arousal state, such as nercousness, becomes a relevant emotional phenom

hyptothalamus

forebrain structure involved in the control of the endocrine system and thus linked to arousal

reticular formation

midbrain pathways that seem to serve as an alarm system, alerting the rest of the brain to the arrival of new information

autonomic nervous system

regulates involuntary action, such as by the heart and glands

endocrine system

consists of various glands that secrete hormones directly into the blood stream

state anxiety

situational apprehension, the intensity of which varies with the strength of the fear-eliciting cue

cognitive state anxiety

state anxiety characterized by worry and emotional distress

somatic state anxiety

state anxiety manifested through physical symptoms such as rapid heartbeat

trait anxiety

disproportionate fear of a broad range of situations

precompetitive anxiety

anxiety that is associated with the anticipation of an achievement situation

individualized zones of optimal functioning theory

theory that each athlete has his or her own optimal level of anxiety and his or her own zone of optimal functioning; an alternative to the inverted U- hypothesis

catastrophe theory

the theory that high levels of both somatic and cognitive anxiety will produce a catastrophic decrement in performance; an alternative to the inverted U-hypothesis

reversal theory

a theory that emphasizes the importance of each individuals reversible views of what constitutes his or her preferred levels of anxiety; an alternative to the inverted U-hypothesis

electroencephalography EEG

recording and measuring of brain waves

electromyography EMG

recording and measuring of muscle tension

sport competition anxiety test SCAT

a test intended to measure trait anxiety related to sport

competitive state anxiety

a test intended to measure state anxiety related to sport

conpetitive state anxiety 2

test used to measure somatic anxiety, cognitive anxiety, and state self confidence related to sport

competitive state anxiety inventory 2R

updated version of the CSAI and CSAI2 which measures the same constructs but in an abbreviated 17-item format

cognitive-somatic anxiety questionnaire

a test inteded to measure both cognitive and somatic anxiety

sport anxiety scale

test intended to measure somatic anxiety and two components of cognitive anxiety- worry and disruption of concentration

endler multidimensional anxiety scales EMAS

scales intended to measure trait anxiety and assess state anxiety

extinction

the process of repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus in order to eliminate the conditioned response; the goal is to eliminate anxiety altogether

flooding

name given to extinction in therapeutic settings

implosive therapy

a variant of flooding in which the therapist systematically extinguishes the anxiety produced by series of fear-eliciting images

counterconditioning

use of an antagonistic unconditioned response in order to condition competing responses to the conditioned stimulus that will compete with the existing conditioned respones; the goal is to replace the conditioned anxiety reaction with a more tolerable alternative

relaxation training

teaches a person to trigger a series of physiological reactions that signal relaxation

progressive relaxation

procedure in which a personal learnes to tense and then relax selected muscle groups in order to evoke a relaxation response

systematic desensitization

a variant of counterconditioning in whcih the therapist systematically pairs anxiety-arousing events with relaxation or some other conflicting behavior

reinforcement practice

operant technique that rewards a person for overcoming anxiety by approaching the anxiety-producing stimulus step by step

biofeedback training

an operant technique that uses reward oucomes or feedback to control autonomic responses such as heart rate and muscle tension

imagery

a mental preparation strategy in which the athlete concentrates on images in his or her mind's eye in an effort to counteract anxiety and enhance performance

visuomotor behavioral rehearsal VMBR

mental preparation strategy in which the athlete utilizes relaxation training, imagery, and skill practice in a simulated environment

stress inoculation training

anxiety-reduction technique in which causes and dynamics of anxiety are delineated, followed by practice of appropriate coping behaviors

learned optimism

a postive outlook that results from focusing on the positive aspects of a situation and avoiding negative self talk

cognitive control

maintaining control of one's thoughts in order to keep a positive, confident perspective and avoid negative self-talk

thought stoppage

a cognitive control technique in which negative thoughts are eliminated through the use of mental or physical triggers

countering

a cognitive control technique that uses an internal dialogue filled with facts and reasons to refute negative thinking

reframing

creation of alternative frames of reference or ways of looking at the world

mental toughness

a state of mind emphasizing optimism, resilience, self confidence, positive self talk, and without tendencies to lapse into counterproductive though processes

hypnosis

an altered state of consciousness characterized by increased receptiveness to suggestion

psych-up strategy

a strategy inteded to create a state of energy and mental readiness that gives a competitor a psychological advantage

locus of control

individuals beliefs about how much control they have over the situation they are in and over what happens to them

internal locus of control

belief that ability and effort give individuals some control over the situation they are in and over what happens to them

external locus of control

belief that outside forces such as luchk and fate determine what happens

Rotter's I-E scale

a scale that measures the extent to which a person has an internal or an external locus of control

levenson's IPC scale

a scale measuring the extent to which a person has an internal or external locus of control; but it divides externality into powerful others P and chance C

Nowicki-Strickland scale

locus of control scale used with children , older subjects were more internal than their younger peers./ florida study with 5th and 8th graders

self theory

an all-encompassing term that includes self-concept, self-esteem, self-actualization tendencies, and other aspects of the self

self-concept

the mental image on has of oneself

self actualization

Maslow's term for the full realization of one's potential

personal orientation inventory

a device used to measure self-actualization

Maslow's need hierarchy

a model that explains motivation in terms of the satisfying of five types of needs: physiological, safety, love and belongingness, esteem, and sefl-actualization. needs at the lower levels of the hierarchy must be satisfied before higher level needs can be met

Tennessee self-concept scale

a device used to measure various aspects of the self concept

social physique anxiety

anxiety experienced by people in response to others' evaluations of their physiques

social physique anxiety scale

a 12-item scale designed to assess social physique anxiety

physical self perception profile

a scale used to assess the relationship of physical self-perception and psychological well being

physical self descrption questionnaire

a scale designed to measure nine specific and two global aspects of the physical self

sport self-confidence

a research topic pertining to athletes' beliefs about their ability to succeed in sports and their views of winning versus performing well

willis's sport motivation scale

a scale designed to measure motive to achieve success , motive to avoid failure, and motive to achieve power

goal setting theory

the idea, found applicable not only in business but also in sport,that specific but difficult goals that are agreed to , and feedback about goal achievement will facilitate performace