A review and critical analysis of the European situation of soilborne disease management in the vegetable sector

Flashcards about soilborne disease management in vegetable crops.

What European regulation concerns the placing of plant protection products on the market?

European Regulation No 1107/2009

What European directive establishes a framework for the sustainable use of pesticides?

European Directive No 2009/128/EC

By what year did the European Directive No 2009/128/EC require all professional users to implement the general principles of IPM?

2014

What soil fumigant was phased out on January 1st, 2005 in all industrialized countries?

Methyl bromide

Name two soil fumigants authorized under the European Directive 91/414/EEC.

Dazomet and metham

What type of plastic film can reduce the dosage and emissions of fumigants into the atmosphere?

Virtually or Totally Impermeable Film (TIF)

What soil temperature is required for methyl isothiocyanate generators, 1,3-dichloropropene, and chloropicrin to be effective?

Above 10°C

What is a major constraint to the wide adoption of soilless cultivation in Italy and Mediterranean countries?

High initial investment costs

What is a common method for disinfecting recirculating nutrient solutions in soilless cultivation?

Slow sand filtration

What is a type of biofumigation that involves the release of isothiocyanates?

Use of Brassica species as green manure

What is a potential drawback of using seed meals as organic amendments?

Their effect on both target and non-target organisms, such as increasing Pythium species

What anaerobic condition creation method is effective against soilborne pests in organic farming?

Incorporation of grass combined with plastic mulching

Name two biocontrol agents (BCAs) currently used by European farmers.

Coniothyrium minitans and Trichoderma spp.

What effect does hardwood bark have on plant growth when used as a substrate?

Improved plant growth is generally observed, especially in potted plants

What type of lettuce varieties are susceptible to Fusarium wilt in Italy?

Butterhead and Batavia types

Name a recurrent problem in many areas, especially on tomato.

Phytophthora nicotianae

What was recently detected in Italy on Diplotaxis tenuifolia and Valerianella olitoria?

Rhizoctonia solani

What has crown and root rot of strawberry been related to?

Difficulties encountered in replacing methyl bromide on strawberry

What can occur under high disease pressure in grafted plants?

Resistance may be broken down, with new races of pathogens evolving on rootstocks

What can affect tomato among the Phytophthora group?

Both P. nicotianae and P. capsici