non pregnant female

cow, sow, mare

• uterine horns

• cervix

• Cow & ewe (ruminants): moderate uterine horns, firm cervix with rings

• Sow (pig): very long uterine horns, corkscrew cervix (for large litters)

• Mare (horse): large uterine body, short horns, soft cervix (for single foal)

• Cow: long, with a fornix (blind pouch around cervix)

• Ewe: similar to cow but smaller

• Sow: long, smooth, no distinct fornix

• Mare: wide, elastic, no fornix

👉 Clinical relevance:

• The fornix in cows/ewe can trap insemination pipettes

• Mare is easier for manual access

• Cow:

  • 3–4 firm annular rings

  • Dense, fibrous → hard to pass

• Ewe:

  • Multiple tight, irregular rings

  • Even harder than cow (AI is difficult)

• Sow:

  • Interdigitating “corkscrew” folds

  • Matches boar penis

• Mare:

  • Soft, smooth folds

  • Opens easily during estrus

• Cow:

  • Moderately long, slightly coiled

• Ewe:

  • Shorter, less coiled

• Sow:

  • Extremely long, highly coiled (for large litters)

• Mare:

  • Short, straight

👉 Memory trick:

• Sow = spaghetti horns

• Mare = minimal horn

• Cow:

  • Almond-shaped

  • CL and follicles visible on surface

• Ewe:

  • Smaller version of cow

• Sow:

  • “Grape-like” clusters (many follicles)

• Mare:

  • Unique: kidney-shaped

  • Has ovulation fossa (ONLY place ovulation occurs

  • Cow & ewe (ruminants):

    • Have caruncles (sites for placental attachment)

  • Sow:

    • No caruncles

    • Diffuse placenta

  • Mare:

    • No caruncles

    • Diffuse placenta + endometrial cups

why do some species have longer uterine horns

multiple fetuses- large litters

anatomic margins of vestible

vagina

• where in the pelvic cavity

• between the_____dorsally and _____ventrally

• which parts are covered by peritoneum

• where does it extend to and from

• median position

• rectum, bladder

• cranial parts

• from the external ostium of the uterus to the entrance of the urethra

vaginal fornix

• how is it formed

• what is it in the mare and the bitch

• what is it in the cow and ewe

• protruding cervix restricts the lumen of the cranial vagina to a ring like space

• cranioventral recess

• caudoventral recess

vestibule

• where does it extend from and to

• what does the wall contain

• what do the secretions facilitate

• from the external urethral opening to the external vulva so combines urinary and reproductive functions

• wall contains vestibular glands

• facilitates coitus and parturition

vestibular bulbs

• what species are they present in

• what are they

• mare and bitch

• concentration of veins forming erectile tissue

vulva

• formed by 2 labia that meet at dorsal and ventral commissures surrounding the vertical vulvar opening

  • dorsal commissure is rounded

  • ventral commisure is pointed

  • other way round in the mare

clitoris

• what is it

• where is it located

• what can it be divided into

• where does it lie within

• what is it covered in

• what is found radiographically in some bitches

• partial homologue of the penis

• within the ventral commissure of the vulva

• body (corpus) and glans (glans clitoridis)

• lies within fossa

• mucosal fold

• os clitidoris