AP Psychology People and Theories

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113 Terms

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Dorothea Dix
Advocated for the mentally ill
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Charles Darwin
Wrote On the Origin of Species, made compelling arguments for evolution
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Wilhelm Wundt
Credited for establishing psych as an experimental science
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William James
Established functionalism; Developed James-Lange theory
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G. Stanley Hall
Founded APA, elected first president
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Ivan Pavlov
Believed that behaviors were learned (beginning of behaviorism); Developed classical conditioning
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Sigmund Freud
Established psychoanalysis; Developed the psychoanalytic perspective of personality
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Mary Whiton Calkins
Earned her psych Ph.D. (first woman), but refused by Harvard; Became first woman elected president of APA
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Edward Titchner
Established structuralism, first major school of thought
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Margaret Floy Washburn
Became first woman to earn official psych Ph.D.; Became second woman elected president of APA
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John Watson
Established behaviorism as a new school of thought (built upon Pavlov), Conducted the Little Albert experiment with Rosalie Rayner
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Max Wertheimer
Founded Gestalt psych; Studied stroboscopic motion; Flashing lights look like they’re moving
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Jean Piaget
Believed that children actively try to learn rather than passively absorbing information, proposed that children go through distinct stages of cognitive development
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Carl Rogers
Founded humanistic psych; Studied actualizing tendency, self-concept, conditional vs. unconditional positive regard; The inborn drive to maintain and enhance the organism (actualizing tendency); People are motivated to maintain a consistent self-concept; Conditional positive regard by parents leads to incongruence so that self-concept conflicts with experience; Unconditional positive regard by parents lead to congruence
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B.F. Skinner
Shaped behaviorism with experiments on rats and pigeons; Studied operant conditioning; Invented the operant chamber (Skinner box)
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Abraham Maslow
Developed a theory of motivation that emphasized psychological growth; Hierarchy of needs, self-actualization
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Kenneth Bancroft Clark
Researched negative effects of discrimination; Became first African American president of the APA; Was Sumner’s student
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Francis C. Sumner
Became first African American to earn a Ph.D. in psychology; Studied under Hall
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Mary D. Salter Ainsworth
Devised the Strange Situation to measure attachment
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Sandra Bem
Developed the gender schema theory
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Renee Baillargeon
Used visual tasks to study object permanence
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Lev Vygotsky
Stressed the importance of social and cultural influences in cognitive development
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Erik Erikson
Proposed that each of 8 stages of life is associated with a particular psychosocial conflict that can be resolved in either a positive or negative direction
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Lawrence Kohlberg
Developed levels and stages of moral development
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Carl Jung
Emphasized psychological growth and proposed the existence of the collective unconscious and archetypes
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Karen Horney
Emphasized role of social relationships in protecting against anxiety; Basic anxiety, womb envy
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Alfred Adler
Believed the most fundamental human motive was to strive for superiority; Inferiority vs. superiority complex
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Albert Bandura
Developed the social cognitive perspective; Studied observational learning; Conducted the Bobo doll experiment
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Raymond Cattell
Identified 16 personality factors; Developed a test to measure the 16 factors
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Hans Eysenck
Proposed three basic personality dimensions: introversion-extraversion, neuroticism-emotional stability, psychoticism
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Robert McCrae and Paul Costa Jr.
Studied the Big 5 personality traits
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Solomon Asch
Led the Asch Conformity Test (1950s)
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John M. Darley, Bibb Latane
Wrote The Unresponsive Bystander: Why Doesn’t He Help? (1970)
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Stanley Milgram
Led the Milgram Experiment on obedience (1961); Studied obedience and social norms
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Muzafer Sherif
Led the Robbers Cave Experiment (1954)
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Philip G. Zimbardo
Led the Stanford Prison Experiment; Studied cognitive dissonance, attitudes, shyness, prison, psychology of evil; Was familiar with the power of situational influences and stereotypes/prejudices due to his childhood experiences
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Pierre Paul Broca
Discovered Broca’s area; Crucial role in speech production
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Karl Wernicke
Discovered Wernicke’s area; Crucial in language comprehension
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Roger Sperry
Performed split brain test; Left hemisphere can verbally identify objects from right side; Right hemisphere cannot verbally identify objects from left side, but can non verbally identify
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J. Alan Hobson, Robert W. McCarley
Developed the activation-synthesis model of dreaming
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Ernest R. Hilgard
Developed the neodissociation theory of hypnosis; Believed that the hypnotized person experienced dissociation
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Ernst Weber
German physiologist; Weber’s law; A principle of sensation that holds that the size of the difference threshold will vary depending on its relation to the strength of the original stimulus
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Karl Duncker
Gestalt psychologist; Studied induced motion; The thing we expect to move is the thing we perceive as moving
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John Garcia
Studied taste aversion with rats; Studied biological preparedness
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Robert A. Rescoria
Concluded that classical conditioning involves learning the relationships between events; Experimented on rats
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Edward Lee Thorndike
Studied how voluntary behaviors are obtained; Studied cats in puzzle boxes; Developed law of effect
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Edward C. Tolman
Studied the cognitive map and latent learning; Believed that cognitive processes played a role in learning complex behaviors
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Martin E.P. Seligman
Studied learned helplessness with dogs; Launched positive psych; Developed idea of positive and negative explanatory style
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George Sperling
Studied iconic memory (visual sensory memory); Had subjects briefly stare at rows of letters and recite as many as they could remember
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Hermann Ebbinghaus
Studied forgetting; Ebbinghaus forgetting curve
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Elizabeth Loftus
Studied misinformation; Car crash experiment with different phrasing of the question (“contacted,” “smashed,” etc.)
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Karl Lashley
Studied memory trace/engram; Removed parts of a rat’s brain to see the effect on its ability to run a maze
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Richard Thompson
Studied memory trace/engram; Found that the engram of a classically conditioned eye blink was formed and stored in a region of the cerebellum
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Eric Kandel
Studied long-term potentiation; Neuron changes in classically conditioned sea snails
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Suzanne Corkin, Brenda Milner
Studied anterograde amnesia; H.M., a man who underwent a brain surgery that caused anterograde amnesia
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Alfred Binet
Developed idea of mental age; Not measuring innate ability; The score could vary; Intelligence was more than just a number
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Lewis Terman
Developed the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and IQ
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David Wechsler
Developed Wechsler Adult intelligence Scale; Verbal and performance score; Intelligence involved a variety of mental abilities; Scores could be influenced by personality, motivation, culture
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Charles Spearman
Developed idea of g factor
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Louis Thurstone
Developed idea of 7 different primary mental abilities
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Howard Gardner
Developed idea of multiple intelligences
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Robert Sternberg
Developed triarchic theory of intelligence
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Willaim Masters, Virginia Johnson
Studied 4 stages of human sexual response
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Edward L. Deci, Richard M. Ryan
Developed self-determination theory (autonomy, competence, relatedness)
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Paul Ekman
Studied facial expressions of emotions
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Walter Cannon
Challenged the James-Lange theory; Body reactions are similar for many emotions; Emotional reaction is often faster than physiological reaction; Artificial physiological changes does not necessarily produce an emotional response; Identified the fight-or-flight response
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Richard Lazarus
Developed cognitive appraisal model
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Han Selye
Researched impact of prolonged stress; General adaptation syndrome
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Mary Cover Jones
Studied counterconditioning; Eliminated fear of furry objects in a 3-year-old, Peter
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Albert Ellis
Developed REBT
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Aaron T. Beck
Developed cognitive therapy
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Social learning theory of gender-role development
Theory that gender roles are acquired through the basic processes of learning, including reinforcement, punishment, and modeling
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Gender schema theory
Theory that gender-role development is influenced by the formation of schemas, or mental representations, of masculinity and femininity
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Activity theory of aging
Psychosocial theory that life satisfaction in late adulthood is highest when people maintain the level of activity they displayed earlier in life
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Information-processing model of cognitive development-Model that views cognitive development as a process that is continuous; studies the development of basic mental processes (attention, memory, problem solving)

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Personality theory
A theory that attempts to describe and explain and similarities and differences in people’s patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving
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Reciprocal determinism
A model that explains human functioning and personality as caused by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors
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Five-factor model of personality
A trait theory of personality that identifies extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience as the fundamental building blocks of personality
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Implicit personality theory
A network of assumptions or beliefs about the relationships among various types of people, traits, and behaviors
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Activation-synthesis model of dreaming
The theory that brain activity during sleep produces dream images (activation), which are combined by the brain into a dream story (synthesis)
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Neurocognitive model of dreaming
Model of dreaming that emphasizes the continuity of waking and dreaming cognition, and states that dreaming is like thinking under conditions of reduce sensory input and the absence of voluntary control
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Neodissociation theory of hypnosis
Hypnotic effects are due to the splitting of consciousness into two simultaneous streams of mental activity, only one of which the hypnotic participant is consciously aware during hypnosis (Ernest Hilgard)
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Signal detection theory
A means to measure the ability to differentiate between information-bearing patterns and random patterns that distract from the information
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Trichromatic theory of color vision
The theory that the sensation of color results because cones in the retina are especially sensitive to red light, green light, or blue light
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Opponent-process theory of color vision
The theory that color vision is the product of opposing pairs of color receptors, red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white; when one member of a color pair is stimulated, the other member is inhibited
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Frequency theory
The view that the basilar membrane vibrates at the same frequency as the sound wave
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Place theory
The view tha different frequencies cause larger vibrations at different locations along the basilar membrane
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Gate-control theory of pain
The theory that pain is a product of both physiological and psychological factors that cause spinal gates to open and relay patterns of intense stimulation to the brain, which perceives that as pain
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Stage model of memory
A model describing memory consisting of 3 distinct states: sensory, short-term, long-term
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Semantic network model
A model that describes units of information in long-term memory as being organized in a complex network of associations
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Decay theory
The view that forgetting is due to normal metabolic processes that occur in the brain over time
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Interference theory
The theory that forgetting is caused by one memory competing with or replacing another
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Baddeley’s model of working memory
A model with 3 main components: phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, central executive (Alan Baddeley)
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Linguistic relativity hypothesis
The hypothesis that differences among languages cause differences in the thoughts of their speakers
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Triarchic theory of intelligence
Theory that there are 3 distinct forms of intelligence: analytic, creative, practical (Robert Sternberg)
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Instinct theories
Certain human behavior are innate and due to evolutionary programming
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Drive theories
Behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs
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Incentive theories
Behavior is motivated by the pull of external goals, such as rewards
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Arousal theory
People are motivated to maintain a level of arousal that is optimal
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Humanistic theories
Emphasizes the importance of psychological and cognitive factors in motivation, especially the notion that people are motivated to realize their personal potential