human body orientation ch 1

Anatomy

Structure

Physiology

Function

Gross/Macroscopic

Big, seen by eye

Regional Example

Thoracic Cavity

System Example

Digestive

Surface

How internal structures relate to overlying skin (ex, muscles, veins, lymphatic)

Microscopic Example

Cystology and Histology

Developmental Example

embryology

Subdivisions of Anatomy

Gross/Macroscopic, Microscopic, Developmental

Types of Gross/Macroscopic Anatomy

Regional, System, Surface

Subdivisions of Physiology

Organ systems, focused on cellular and molecular levels

Homeostasis

Maintaining stable internal conditions despite external factors

Receptor

Sensory, responds to stimuli

Control Center

The brain processes and sends to the effector

Effector

Responds by reducing or enhancing the stimulus

Negative Feedback

Reduces/shuts off original stimulus (opposite direction of initial)

Negative Feedback Example

Regulation of body temperature and glucose

Positive Feedback

Response enhances/exaggerates original stimulus (same direction as initial)

Positive Feedback Example

Uterine Contractions and Platelet Plug Formation (Blood Clots)

Axial Skeleton

Head, neck, trunk

Appendicular Skeleton

Limbs

Serosa

Serous Membrane + Secretes Serous Fluid

Contractility

Movement at the cellular level

Integumentary

Stimuli

Things that cause changes in controlled variables

Regional Terms

Designate specific areas within the body division

Viscera

Internal organs

Ventral Body Cavity Subdivisions

Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Cavities

Pleural Cavities

Each surrounds one lung

Cavities of the Thoracic Cavity

Two pleural cavities and the mediastinum, which contains the pericardial cavity

Thoracic Cavity Main Systems

Respiratory and Cardiovascular

Abdominopelvic Cavity Main Systems

Digestive, Urinary, and Reproductive

Abdominal Cavity

Mainly digestive

Pelvic Cavity

Mainly urinary and reproductive

Peritoneum

Lines Abdominopelvic Cavity

Cystology

Study of cells

Histology

Study of tissues

Developmental Anatomy

Studies anatomical and physiological development throughout life

Maintaining boundaries

Separation between internal and external environments must exist

Movement

The muscular system allows for this; skeletal muscles pull on bones

Responsiveness

Ability to sense and respond to stimuli (stimulus and response)

Digestion

Breakdown of ingested food into simple molecules, followed by absorption of

simple molecules into the blood, the blood delivers throughout the entire body

Metabolism

All chemical reactions that occur in body cells

Excretion

Removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion

Reproduction

Cellular - Division of cells for growth

Organism - Production of offspring

Growth

Increase in size of a body part or of organism

Integumentary System

Forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous receptors, and sweat and oil glands

Skeletal System

Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals.

Muscular System

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat.

Nervous System

As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

Endocrine System

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes

Cardiovascular System

Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste, etc. The heart pumps blood.

Lymphatic System/Immunity

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris. Houses lymphocytes (WBCs). Mounts the attack against foreign substances in the body.

Respiratory System

Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.

Digestive System

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. If indigestible, its eliminated through feces.

Urinary System

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood.

Male Reproductive System

Overall - produce offspring. Produces sperm and sex hormones. Helps in delivering sperm.

Female Reproductive System

Overall - produce offspring. Produce eggs and sex hormones. Serves as a site for fertilization and development of the fetus. produce milk to nourish the newborn.

Variables

Factors that can change

Superficial/External

Toward or on the surface of the body

Deep/Internal

Away from the surface of the body

Ipsilateral

On the same side of the body as another structure

Contralateral

On the opposite side of the body from another structure

Cephalic

Head

Frontal

Forehead

Orbital

Bony eye socket

Nasal

Nose

Buccal

Cheek

Oral

Mouth

Mental

Chin

Otic

Ear

Occipital

Back of the head

Cervical

Neck

Thoracic

chest region

Sternal

Breastbone

Axillary

Armpit

Mammary

Breast

Abdominal

Located above the hips but below the ribs

Umbilical

Naval

Dorsal

Back

Scapular

Shoulder blade

Vertebral

Spine

Lumbar

Lower back

Sacral

Posterior region between the hip bones

Gluteal

Buttocks

Perineal

Between the anus and the external genitalia

Pelvic

Pelvis

Inguinal

Groin

Pubic

Genital

Upper Limb

Arm, forearm, and hand

Acromial

Point of the shoulder

Brachial

Arm (upper portion of the upper limb)

Antecubital

Anterior surface of the elbow

Olecranal

Back of the elbow

Antebrachial

Forearm

Carpal

Wrist

Manus

Hand

Metacarpal

Forms the palm