Paper 3 History of Africa and the Middle East

Topic 13: War and change in the Middle East and North Africa 1914-1915

Allies Diplomacy in the Middle East and Africa

• Sykes-Picot (1912, 1914, 1916)

• McMahon-Hussein Correspondence (1915-1916)

• Arab Revolt (1916-1918)

• Balfour Declaration (1916)

McMahon-Hussein Correspondence (1915-1916)

1. Britain: McMahon (high commisioner)

2. Mecca: Sharif Hussein

3. Inspire Arab Revolt

4. Land

   • Palestine

   • Syria

   • Lebanon

   • Hijaz: Homa, Alepo

5. Sykes-Picot / Belfour betrays

6. Win the war / Colonize

Sykes-Picot (1912, 1914, 1916)

1. Secret Agreement

2. Britain:

   • Iraq

   • Palestine

3. France:

   • Syria, Transjordan

   • Lebanon

4. Russia, Italy, and Greece

5. Colonize

6. Russian Revolution Exposes secret agreement

Arab Revolt (1916-1918)

1. Sharif Hussein and Ali (son)

2. Take down the Ottomans

3. French and British allied with Arabs

4. Land Given:

   • Hejaz

   • Mecca

   • Medina

5. Belfour Declaration once exposed stops the attacks / revolt

Balfour Declaration (1916)

1. Public Declaration of support to Zionism

2. British Foreign secretary Lord Balfour

3. Legitimizes Zionist homeland

4. Cuts the Middle East

   • Palestine

   • Suez Canal

   • Arab Tribes

5. Betrays Hussein the most

The Effects of Paris Peace Treaties in the Middle East

• Paris Peace Conferences: Territory and Political

• Paris Peace Conference: Mandate

• San Remo Agreement: territory and Political

• San Remo Agreement: Mandate

• Treaty of Sevres: Territory and Political

• Treaty of Sevres: Mandate

Paris Peace Conference: Territory and Political

• British

  • P: Mandate via Direct Control

  • P: Control via Sherif Hussein

  • T: Palestine, Iraq, Transjordan

• French

  • P: Mandate via Ottoman Control

  • P: Bankers, oil barons, business

  • T: Syria and Lebanon

• U.S.A.

  • P & T: Push for Self Determination

  • Goes against the British and French

Paris Peace Conference: Mandate

• Sykes-Picot Agreement

• McMahon-Hussein

• Balfour Declaration

San Remo Agreement: Territory and Political

• Political

  • Former Mandates

  • Balfour Declaration is written in stone

• Territorial

  • Sherif Hussein and Faisal - protest

  • Mosul Oil is split

Sen Remo Agreement: Mandate

• Britain: Iraq, Palestine, Transjordan

• France: Syria, Lebanon

• Hussein gets Hejaz

Treaty of Sevres: Territory and Political

• Political

  • Ottoman Empire is destroyed

  • Kurdistan, Armenia, Anatolia

• Territorial

  • Ottoman is split up

  • Transjordan goes to Abdullah (Hussein’s son)

Treaty of Sevres: Mandate

• Britain: Iraq, Palestine

• France: Syria, Lebanon

• Faisal: Iraq, Syria

• Abdullah: Transjordan

British & French Administration: Iraq, Transjordan, Syria and Lebanon

• British: Iraq

• British: Transjordan

• France: Syria

• France: Lebanon

• Who over sees who?

British: Iraq

• Sir Percy Cox: High Commissioner

• Challenges

  • Political Instability - Solved by Faisal

  • Suni & Shia Religious Instability - Solved by Faisal

  • National brotherhood & Kurdish resistance

• Positives

  • Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of ‘22

  • Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of ‘32

• Negatives

  • Violent punishment to Kurdish Oil fields

• Suni males gained more political power

British: Transjordan

• Sir Herbert Samuel (High Commissioner) and Abd Allah (Matters the most)

• No challenges

• Positives

  • gave power to someone else due to Britain being too busy, so they were left alone

  • Hashemite Dynasty supported by the people

• Oil still extracted

• Britain wanted to keep them happy as they are the center of the Middle East

France: Syria

• General Sarrail: High Commissioner

• Challenges

  • Syrian Nationalist Movement protests

  • Syrian Control of Administrators

  • Bedouin tribes

• Positives

  • France unable to govern

  • Improvement of Infrastructure

• Negatives

  • Violence

• Druze / Syrian & French against them

France: Lebanon

• General Sarrail: High Commissioner

• Challenges

  • Major Protest / meets with violence

  • Lebanese Republic

  • Franco-Lebanese Treaty of Frienship

• Positives

  • infrastructure (Sanitation, Education, etc.)

  • Beirut is the cultural center of the Middle East

• Negatives

  • Civilizing Mission

• Maronite Christians

Who over sees who?

• France

  • Syria

  • Lebanon

• Britain

  • Iraq

  • Palestine

• Transjordan goes to Abd Allah

Egypt After the First World War

• Nationalism

• Declaration of Independence

• WAFD Party

• British Influence

Nationalism

• Saad Zaghlul

• Wilson’s policies of self-determination

• 1920 Memoranda (British recognizes sovereignty and becomes protectorate of Egypt)

• Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1923

• Sudan Conflict

• Social movement by women for equality

Declaration of Independence

• Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1923

• Constitution of 1923 - Faud = king

• Political Instability: 1923-1927

• Constitution of 1930 - Destroyed Faud

• Social movement by women / intellectual literature

WAFD Party

• Saad Zaghlul

  • Founder & served as inspiration Post deportation

• 1919 Revolution

  • Women led movement

  • Violence by British

• WAFD splits between Faud & Mahmud

• Dissolves / still exists but under control by the British

• Sudan Conflict / settlement

British Influence

• Edmund Allenby

• Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1923

• Assassination of Lee Stark

• Egypt is forces to sign another Treaty of ‘36

• Sudan settlement / conflict

• Montreux Convention of ‘37

• Integration of Agriculture (Massively Improved)

• Forces education upon Egypt

• Intellectual literature

Ataturk and the Turkish Republic

• Leader & Philosophy

• Secularism

• Nationalism

• Statism

• Republicanism

• Reformism

• Populism

Leader & Philosophy

• Kemal Ataturk = Father of Turkey

• Kemalism

  • Secularism: Separate the church & state

  • Republicanism: Policies towards the state

  • Populism: Policies towards the people

  • Reformism: Change to modernization

  • Nationalism: Creating the Turkish identity

  • Statism: Policies towards economics

Secularism

• Abolishment of Caliphate

• Grand National Assembly 1923

• Closing of Sufi schools

• Civic code of 1926

• Law of Tevidi-Tevisat of ‘24

  • Law of Unification (end oppression sex laws)

• Banning of Fez

• 1924 Constitution

• 1934 Constitution

Populism:

• 1924 Constitution

• 1934 Constitution

• Law of Tevidi-Tevisat

• Education Reform

Nationalism

• ‘28 Education Reform (Pushes for Turkish identity)

• Kemal Memoirs

• Name and Language Reform

• History of Turkish Revolution ‘34

• Banning of Fez

• 1934 Constitution: ends any remains of social division

Statism

• 1929-39 Economic Reforms (Industry, Tariffs, Infrastructure)

• 5-year plan

• 1919 Constitution - establishes government economic structure

Reformism

• Abolishment of Sufi schools

• Education Reform

• Law of tevidi

• 1924 Constitution

• Language and Name Reform

• Civic Code of 1926

Republicanism

• 1919 Constitution

• Grand National Party

• Free Republican Party

• ‘24 Constitution

• Law of Maintance of Order 1925

Case Study: Iran

• Economic Developments

• Western Influences

• Political Developments

• Social Developments

• Modernize

Economic Developments

• Oil

  • Anglo-Persian Oil Company

  • Nationalize

• Infrastructure

  • Trans-Iranian Railway

• Nationalize Banking System

Western Influences

• England Britain

  • Anglo-Persian Oil Company

• Soviet-Union

• Modernization

  • Secularism

Political Developments

• Revolution of 1921

  • Reza Shah comes into power

• Constitution of 1925

  • Reza Shah’s Dynasty, Pahlavi Dynasty comes into power

  • Inspired by Ataturk

• Government

  • The Majlis (parliament)

  • Oppressing the opposing

  • Reduce British Influence

Social Developments

• women

  • Access / required education

  • Traditional roles norms continued

• The clergy (Faith)

  • Reduced role of religion, while solidifying his power

• Urbanization

  • Attempt to build cities (fostering unity, highways needed)

  • Traditional Opposition

Modernize

• Women

  • Education

  • Traditional values

• Economic Modernization

  • Infrastructure: Railway & Highway

  • Nationalize Banking System

• Urbanization

  • Failed: Traditional Opposition

• Government

  • Pushing from top/down/forceful opposition

  • Depended on Britain & Soviet Union

• Adopting Secularism

  • Opposition later on