Unit 1

Psychology

Philosophy vs Physiology

qualitative arguments and humanities vs "meat and bones", scientific

what does psyche stand for?

psyche = mind logos = to study

What did the Greeks think ?

psyche + logos is the study of the mind

Aristotle- what known for, what they stand for, example of it

virtues vs vices
virtues are maladaptive, vices are adaptive (+)
i.e how you spend money is on a spectrum, both extreme suffer (frugal and frivolous) and are bad, middle moderation is the best

Plato

point of learning is to benefit society (republic should choose what to study based on economic needs)

What did the Greeks argue on?

Plato: learn for society
Aristotle: learn for your own growth
Nurture vs nature debate

Who were the renaissance and enlightenment psychologists?

Francis Bacon, Rene Descartes, John Locke

What is empiricism?

the theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience

Dualism (Descartes)

the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact

Buddhist psychology (3)

Mindfulness-idea that you are in the present (train brain to be healthier and not wander)
Attachments- emotional connections to people, ideas, goals
Unmasking emotions- relate to attachments

Buddhist psychology- how do the masks work?

anger (blocks from goal) --> fear (might not meet goal) --> sadness (strongest emotion, when lose goal)

Indigenous Psychology

qualitative (storytelling)
consciousness (why we dream and what they mean)
learning & resilience (especially after trauma)
intergroup (us vs them, how we perceive others)

Which groups were most into philosophy?

Greeks, Renaissance, Buddhists

Which individuals were most into physiology?

Darwin, Galton , Helmholtz, Fechner

Darwin

adaptive behaviour (i.e finches)
familial traits (learn things by genetics)

Gustav Fechner- "theory", how it came about (story)

Day vs Night: spirits and connectedness with a deeper meaning (night= gloomy bc have mechanical destiny and no beautiful fate)
took Hemholtz's oath but was Christian, stressed out so went blind--> made new theory --> restored sight

Who is the father of psychology?

Wilhelm Wundt

Wilhelm Wundt: who he is & what he looked at

first psychologist (german)
science of consciousness: philosophy to understand how we think
-suggested psych should include culture

How did Wilhelm Wundt break down consciousness?

structuralism: used introspection to study the particles of the mind
-sat in blank room and blurt out everything that comes to your mind

what is the problem with introspection?

it is not a reliable method of study because it varies widely depending on the person and experience
-talk too slow, taboo, etc. (doesn't explain why we think certain things)

What are the americans known for?

functionalism

Functionalism

why we think the way we do/ how we make decisions/ why do we even think?
-study function of behaviour in the world
-operation in the whole mind instead of its parts
-how mental actives helped organism fit into enviro (accepted Darwin theory and view it as an explanation for organism's characteristics)

what did functionalism oppose?

structuralism, because cannot study particles of mind since consciousness is a different river each time you sample

Stanley G. Hall

made APA, no particles of the mind --> created psychology war

How did the Germans contrast the Americans?

structuralism vs functionalism
common across humanity vs individual differences

Psycholoanalysis

This perspective emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and internal conflicts (childhood experiences)

How does psychoanalysis compare to functionalism

more qualitative (less scientific) more humanity based (not individual)

Sigmund Freud: how he started into psychology

austrian medical doctor
women patients who could not be treated for conditions (blind, hair loss) --> let the women talk --> realized was anxiety disorder (taboo, assault) --> *saw that mental illness can cause physical illness*

What did people think of the women before freud?

hysteria derived from hysterectomy, thought uterus detached and wandered, causing symptoms

Freudian Theories (7)

-theory of unconsciousness: introspection only reveals the tip of the iceberg (deep desires cannot be tapped into)
-Id, ego, superego: desire, moral and part to balance
-psychosexual development: from baby (suckling)
-oedipus complex: boy want marry mom, kill dad
-penis envy: girls with boys, boys with dad
-defense mechanism: protect self-esteem
-psychic energy: fixed amount to create things (art, etc) and also used for destruction (violence) (get out energy by painting)

Psychoanalytic Therapy

-long term (8-10 yrs)
-free association: give key words to get away from filter (talk at full speed without filtering)
-dream analysis: tell and freud interprets
-hypnosis: get to subconscious
-resistance: ethically wrong but would force ppl to talk about things didn't want
-transference: relationship with Freud reflects relationship with traumatic figure

example of transference

if you fight with freud, you probably fight with your mom

Behaviourist psychologists

Pavlov, Watson, Skinner

Behaviourism

science of observable behaviour (memories, thoughts and feelings do not matter)
-look at conditions and responses in controlled experiments

Ivan Pavlov

discovered classical conditioning (conditioned reflex); trained dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell
-can pair things to condition us (not born with it)
-horror move pair stimulus (arose)

John B. Watson

-conditioning of phobias
-thought objective analysis of the mind was impossible, therefore focus only on observable behaviour
-believed in nurture not nature (could raise 10 doctors)
-Little Albert experiment
-revolutionized ads ("sex sells")

Little Albert Experiment

classical conditioning on a 9 month old baby - white rat was paired with a loud clanking noise resulting in crying and fear of rat and anything white and fluffy (Santa)

B.F Skinner

radical behaviourist
- looked at what comes after behaviour not before (rewards and punishments)
-no free will (everything you do is based on past punishments and rewards)
-looked at consequences
-operant conditioning chamber/skinner box

How was Skinner different from Pavlov?

flip, didn't looking at pairing just looked at consequences

Behavioural Therapy

-quick (4-8 sessions)
-phobia treatment: exposure therapy (i.e look at spider and do mindfulness)
-addictions treatment: aversion therapy (nausea pills in beer)
-applied behavioural analysis (aba): autism spectrum disorder, help kids do simple things and keep building on

What behavioural therapies align with which behavioural psychologist

exposure and aversion therapy: watson and pavlov
aba: skinner

humanism

we are designed to be good and have control over our fates
"3rd wave of psychology"
-want "whole" human being considered

Who are the humanist psychologists?

Rodgers and Maslow

Carl Rogers

term love, "positive regard"
-we are all hardwired to love
2 types of love: unconditional and conditional (shut off parts don't like to receive)
-self actualization: accept flaws, adapted mindset

Rogerian Therapy

-client centered (clients vs patients)
-humanist
-non-directive
-active listening
-presence (eye contact)
-authenticity
never gave judgment, acted like mirror (helps with suicidal people)

Who came up with twisted tree theory

carl rodgers
unconditional: if have plant and let grow in any direction
conditional: twisted bonsai, misses out on full potential

Abraham Maslow

hierarchy of needs and self-actualization
-hierarchy of human needs in motivating behaviour

what is Maslow's hierarchy of needs

top: peak (i.e got married)
middle: social and self-esteem (do people like you, are you doing good/ feel connected spirituality)
bottom: physiological and safety (food, shelter, safety)
so long as basic needs necessary for survival were met (e.g., food, water, shelter), higher-level needs (e.g., social needs) would begin to motivate behavior.

Indigenous hierarchy of needs, how different from Maslow?

top: cultural perpetuity
middle: community actualization
bottom:self-actualization
had self-actualization as the base, bc need to get your stuff together before you can help community/ culture

positive psychologists

Martin Seligman, Angela Duckworth, Dacher Kelter

Cognitive Revolution

shift away from behaviouralism back to structuralism: why make decisions? how do we interpret reality?

Piaget

-earliest cognitive psychologist
-child development
-make schemas in our brain all the time (groupings/ themes/ classifications)
-when kids schemas are challenged they can adapt better, rules are less binding

Noam Chomsky

cognition behind language development
-unique from animals bc have language

REBT - how different from Carl

behaviours, thoughts and emotions are intertwined, need to address all 3
-can't just repeat back thoughts need to correct client's irrational thoughts

cultural psychology

experience and nurture
social modelling
not entirely new- overlaps and behaviourism (conditioning) and humanism

neuroscience

study of parts of the brain

social/ personality psychology

how interact in groups
social: How individuals interact and relate with others and how such interactions can affect behavior
personality: This field focuses on behaviors and thought patterns that are unique to each individual. Studies in this field include conscious and unconscious thinking and personality traits.

health and sports

performance/kinesiology
mind and body stress interaction

cognition and computers

decision making and how relate to computers (train pilots, the websites you like to visit)
Branch of psychology that focuses on cognition and thoughts.

IO (industrial and organizational) psychology

the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces
-how government bodies act

development psychology

how phenotypes change over life
This is the scientific study of the physical and mental attributes of aging and maturation. This can include how cognitive, social and psychological skills are acquired throughout growth.
-how learn and grow through adolescence and into lifespan

foresincs

court room, justice systems

Evolutionary Psychology

role of biology and genes influence psychological development

Which of the following was mentioned as a skill to which psychology students would be exposed?
a)critical thinking
b)use of the scientific method
c)critical evaluation of sources of information
d)all of the above

d

Before psychology became a recognized academic discipline, matters of the mind were undertaken by those in ________.

philosophy

In the scientific method, a hypothesis is a(n)

proposed explanation

________ is most well-known for proposing his hierarchy of needs.

Maslow

Rogers believed that providing genuineness, empathy, and ________ in the therapeutic environment for his clients was critical to their being able to deal with their problems.

unconditional positive regard

The operant conditioning chamber (aka ________ box) is a device used to study the principles of operant conditioning.

Skinner

A researcher interested in how changes in the cells of the hippocampus (a structure in the brain related to learning and memory) are related to memory formation would be most likely to identify as a(n) ________ psychologist.

biological

An individual's consistent pattern of thought and behavior is known as a(n) ________.

personality

In Milgram's controversial study on obedience, nearly ________ of the participants were willing to administer what appeared to be lethal electrical shocks to another person because they were told to do so by an authority figure.

2/3

A researcher interested in what factors make an employee best suited for a given job would most likely identify as a(n) ________ psychologist.

IO

If someone wanted to become a psychology professor at a 4-year college, they would probably need a ________ degree in psychology.

PhD

The ________ places less emphasis on research and more emphasis on application of therapeutic skills.

PsyD

Which of the following degrees would be the minimum required to teach psychology courses in high school?

bachelor's degree

One would need at least a(n) ________ degree to serve as a school psychologist.

master's

psyche means

soul

Clinical Jobs

private practice, virtual practice, community clinics, rehab centres, hospitals, career centres, prisons & courts, schools

Clinical Jobs - time to get job

6-11 years

Research jobs examples

academic researcher/ prof, private industry researcher, governmental researcher, statistician, data analyst & manager, science writer, research coordinator/assistant

Other jobs from psychology

-military/intelligence/ veterans affairs -business/marketing/HR
-Lawyer/forensic investigator -teacher/educational policy -sports/coaching/kinesiology -social media/graphic design -government/project management

Occupations in psych ranked (top 10)

1.management
2.sales
3.social work
4.other management
5.HR
6.administrative
7.insurance, real estate, business
8.marketing and sales
9.healthcare (nurse, pharmacist, therapist)
10.finance (accountant, auditor)

empirical method

method for acquiring knowledge based on observation, including experimentation, rather than a method based only on forms of logical argument or previous authorities

What is Psychology?

Psychology is defined as the scientific study of mind and behavior. Students of psychology develop critical thinking skills, become familiar with the scientific method, and recognize the complexity of behavior.

clinical psychology

Focuses on diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and problematic patterns of behavior. Study involves clinical therapy and counseling.

Biopsychology

This field primarily focuses on the bodily functions regarding the nervous, sensory, and motor systems and any possible psychological disorders that may relate to them.
biology (nervous system) influences our behavior

-sensory and motor systems, sleep, drug use and abuse, ingestive behavior, reproductive behavior, neurodevelopment, plasticity of the nervous system, and biological correlates of psychological disorders.

What does Gestalt mean?

whole

functionalism

This theory holds that if one can identify the function of something, one can understand it. Much like the function of a car would be transportation, status, entertainment and the like.

structuralism

This theory holds that if you can describe the structure or characteristics of something you can understand it
contents of mental processes rather than their function

can we test that birds sing because they are happy?

not a hypothesis that can be tested since we have no way to measure the happiness of a bird.

what does introspection stand for

internal perception

in freud's view, what is the unconscious mind?

feelings and urges we have no awareness of

operant conditioning chamber/skinner box

isolate subject from external enviro and had behaviour indicator (lever or button)
-when press button/lever delivers positive reinforcement of the behaviour (such as food) or a

humanism vs psychoanalysis and behaviourism

behavior-deterministic at core bc say behaviour is due to genetics and enviro
psycho-pessimism and determinism of actions by unconscious
*believed in personal control and intentionality

Rogers believed that a therapist needed to display three features to maximize the effectiveness of this particular approach: ...

unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy

cognitive revolution

revived interest in the mind as a focus of scientific inquiry
-behaviour was not enough need to incorporate mental functioning

Cross-cultural psychologists

compare populations across countries, such as participants from the United States compared to participants from China

personality traits + big five

enduring characteristics that describe an individual's behavior
conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion

Stanley Milgram Experiment

-to see if soldiers obey orders in Nazi even though don't believe
-believe give lethal shock -2/3 did
-could have withdrawn and left with money