Unit 1

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 1 person
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/102

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

Psychology

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

103 Terms

1
New cards
Philosophy vs Physiology
qualitative arguments and humanities vs "meat and bones", scientific
2
New cards
what does psyche stand for?
psyche = mind logos = to study
3
New cards
What did the Greeks think ?
psyche + logos is the study of the mind
4
New cards
Aristotle- what known for, what they stand for, example of it
virtues vs vices
virtues are maladaptive, vices are adaptive (+)
i.e how you spend money is on a spectrum, both extreme suffer (frugal and frivolous) and are bad, middle moderation is the best
5
New cards
Plato
point of learning is to benefit society (republic should choose what to study based on economic needs)
6
New cards
What did the Greeks argue on?
Plato: learn for society
Aristotle: learn for your own growth
Nurture vs nature debate
7
New cards
Who were the renaissance and enlightenment psychologists?
Francis Bacon, Rene Descartes, John Locke
8
New cards
What is empiricism?
the theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience
9
New cards
Dualism (Descartes)
the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact
10
New cards
Buddhist psychology (3)
Mindfulness-idea that you are in the present (train brain to be healthier and not wander)
Attachments- emotional connections to people, ideas, goals
Unmasking emotions- relate to attachments
11
New cards
Buddhist psychology- how do the masks work?
anger (blocks from goal) --> fear (might not meet goal) --> sadness (strongest emotion, when lose goal)
12
New cards
Indigenous Psychology
qualitative (storytelling)
consciousness (why we dream and what they mean)
learning & resilience (especially after trauma)
intergroup (us vs them, how we perceive others)
13
New cards
Which groups were most into philosophy?
Greeks, Renaissance, Buddhists
14
New cards
Which individuals were most into physiology?
Darwin, Galton , Helmholtz, Fechner
15
New cards
Darwin
adaptive behaviour (i.e finches)
familial traits (learn things by genetics)
16
New cards
Gustav Fechner- "theory", how it came about (story)
Day vs Night: spirits and connectedness with a deeper meaning (night= gloomy bc have mechanical destiny and no beautiful fate)
took Hemholtz's oath but was Christian, stressed out so went blind--> made new theory --> restored sight
17
New cards
Who is the father of psychology?
Wilhelm Wundt
18
New cards
Wilhelm Wundt: who he is & what he looked at
first psychologist (german)
science of consciousness: philosophy to understand how we think
-suggested psych should include culture
19
New cards
How did Wilhelm Wundt break down consciousness?
structuralism: used introspection to study the particles of the mind
-sat in blank room and blurt out everything that comes to your mind
20
New cards
what is the problem with introspection?
it is not a reliable method of study because it varies widely depending on the person and experience
-talk too slow, taboo, etc. (doesn't explain why we think certain things)
21
New cards
What are the americans known for?
functionalism
22
New cards
Functionalism
why we think the way we do/ how we make decisions/ why do we even think?
-study function of behaviour in the world
-operation in the whole mind instead of its parts
-how mental actives helped organism fit into enviro (accepted Darwin theory and view it as an explanation for organism's characteristics)
23
New cards
what did functionalism oppose?
structuralism, because cannot study particles of mind since consciousness is a different river each time you sample
24
New cards
Stanley G. Hall
made APA, no particles of the mind --> created psychology war
25
New cards
How did the Germans contrast the Americans?
structuralism vs functionalism
common across humanity vs individual differences
26
New cards
Psycholoanalysis
This perspective emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and internal conflicts (childhood experiences)
27
New cards
How does psychoanalysis compare to functionalism
more qualitative (less scientific) more humanity based (not individual)
28
New cards
Sigmund Freud: how he started into psychology
austrian medical doctor
women patients who could not be treated for conditions (blind, hair loss) --> let the women talk --> realized was anxiety disorder (taboo, assault) --> *saw that mental illness can cause physical illness*
29
New cards
What did people think of the women before freud?
hysteria derived from hysterectomy, thought uterus detached and wandered, causing symptoms
30
New cards
Freudian Theories (7)
-theory of unconsciousness: introspection only reveals the tip of the iceberg (deep desires cannot be tapped into)
-Id, ego, superego: desire, moral and part to balance
-psychosexual development: from baby (suckling)
-oedipus complex: boy want marry mom, kill dad
-penis envy: girls with boys, boys with dad
-defense mechanism: protect self-esteem
-psychic energy: fixed amount to create things (art, etc) and also used for destruction (violence) (get out energy by painting)
31
New cards
Psychoanalytic Therapy
-long term (8-10 yrs)
-free association: give key words to get away from filter (talk at full speed without filtering)
-dream analysis: tell and freud interprets
-hypnosis: get to subconscious
-resistance: ethically wrong but would force ppl to talk about things didn't want
-transference: relationship with Freud reflects relationship with traumatic figure
32
New cards
example of transference
if you fight with freud, you probably fight with your mom
33
New cards
Behaviourist psychologists
Pavlov, Watson, Skinner
34
New cards
Behaviourism
science of observable behaviour (memories, thoughts and feelings do not matter)
-look at conditions and responses in controlled experiments
35
New cards
Ivan Pavlov
discovered classical conditioning (conditioned reflex); trained dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell
-can pair things to condition us (not born with it)
-horror move pair stimulus (arose)
36
New cards
John B. Watson
-conditioning of phobias
-thought objective analysis of the mind was impossible, therefore focus only on observable behaviour
-believed in nurture not nature (could raise 10 doctors)
-Little Albert experiment
-revolutionized ads ("sex sells")
37
New cards
Little Albert Experiment
classical conditioning on a 9 month old baby - white rat was paired with a loud clanking noise resulting in crying and fear of rat and anything white and fluffy (Santa)
38
New cards
B.F Skinner
radical behaviourist
- looked at what comes after behaviour not before (rewards and punishments)
-no free will (everything you do is based on past punishments and rewards)
-looked at consequences
-operant conditioning chamber/skinner box
39
New cards
How was Skinner different from Pavlov?
flip, didn't looking at pairing just looked at consequences
40
New cards
Behavioural Therapy
-quick (4-8 sessions)
-phobia treatment: exposure therapy (i.e look at spider and do mindfulness)
-addictions treatment: aversion therapy (nausea pills in beer)
-applied behavioural analysis (aba): autism spectrum disorder, help kids do simple things and keep building on
41
New cards
What behavioural therapies align with which behavioural psychologist
exposure and aversion therapy: watson and pavlov
aba: skinner
42
New cards
humanism
we are designed to be good and have control over our fates
"3rd wave of psychology"
-want "whole" human being considered
43
New cards
Who are the humanist psychologists?
Rodgers and Maslow
44
New cards
Carl Rogers
term love, "positive regard"
-we are all hardwired to love
2 types of love: unconditional and conditional (shut off parts don't like to receive)
-self actualization: accept flaws, adapted mindset
45
New cards
Rogerian Therapy
-client centered (clients vs patients)
-humanist
-non-directive
-active listening
-presence (eye contact)
-authenticity
never gave judgment, acted like mirror (helps with suicidal people)
46
New cards
Who came up with twisted tree theory
carl rodgers
unconditional: if have plant and let grow in any direction
conditional: twisted bonsai, misses out on full potential
47
New cards
Abraham Maslow
hierarchy of needs and self-actualization
-hierarchy of human needs in motivating behaviour
48
New cards
what is Maslow's hierarchy of needs
top: peak (i.e got married)
middle: social and self-esteem (do people like you, are you doing good/ feel connected spirituality)
bottom: physiological and safety (food, shelter, safety)
so long as basic needs necessary for survival were met (e.g., food, water, shelter), higher-level needs (e.g., social needs) would begin to motivate behavior.
49
New cards
Indigenous hierarchy of needs, how different from Maslow?
top: cultural perpetuity
middle: community actualization
bottom:self-actualization
had self-actualization as the base, bc need to get your stuff together before you can help community/ culture
50
New cards
positive psychologists
Martin Seligman, Angela Duckworth, Dacher Kelter
51
New cards
Cognitive Revolution
shift away from behaviouralism back to structuralism: why make decisions? how do we interpret reality?
52
New cards
Piaget
-earliest cognitive psychologist
-child development
-make schemas in our brain all the time (groupings/ themes/ classifications)
-when kids schemas are challenged they can adapt better, rules are less binding
53
New cards
Noam Chomsky
cognition behind language development
-unique from animals bc have language
54
New cards
REBT - how different from Carl
behaviours, thoughts and emotions are intertwined, need to address all 3
-can't just repeat back thoughts need to correct client's irrational thoughts
55
New cards
cultural psychology
experience and nurture
social modelling
not entirely new- overlaps and behaviourism (conditioning) and humanism
56
New cards
neuroscience
study of parts of the brain
57
New cards
social/ personality psychology
how interact in groups
social: How individuals interact and relate with others and how such interactions can affect behavior
personality: This field focuses on behaviors and thought patterns that are unique to each individual. Studies in this field include conscious and unconscious thinking and personality traits.
58
New cards
health and sports
performance/kinesiology
mind and body stress interaction
59
New cards
cognition and computers
decision making and how relate to computers (train pilots, the websites you like to visit)
Branch of psychology that focuses on cognition and thoughts.
60
New cards
IO (industrial and organizational) psychology
the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces
-how government bodies act
61
New cards
development psychology
how phenotypes change over life
This is the scientific study of the physical and mental attributes of aging and maturation. This can include how cognitive, social and psychological skills are acquired throughout growth.
-how learn and grow through adolescence and into lifespan
62
New cards
foresincs
court room, justice systems
63
New cards
Evolutionary Psychology
role of biology and genes influence psychological development
64
New cards
Which of the following was mentioned as a skill to which psychology students would be exposed?
a)critical thinking
b)use of the scientific method
c)critical evaluation of sources of information
d)all of the above
d
65
New cards
Before psychology became a recognized academic discipline, matters of the mind were undertaken by those in ________.
philosophy
66
New cards
In the scientific method, a hypothesis is a(n)
proposed explanation
67
New cards
________ is most well-known for proposing his hierarchy of needs.
Maslow
68
New cards
Rogers believed that providing genuineness, empathy, and ________ in the therapeutic environment for his clients was critical to their being able to deal with their problems.
unconditional positive regard
69
New cards
The operant conditioning chamber (aka ________ box) is a device used to study the principles of operant conditioning.
Skinner
70
New cards
A researcher interested in how changes in the cells of the hippocampus (a structure in the brain related to learning and memory) are related to memory formation would be most likely to identify as a(n) ________ psychologist.
biological
71
New cards
An individual's consistent pattern of thought and behavior is known as a(n) ________.
personality
72
New cards
In Milgram's controversial study on obedience, nearly ________ of the participants were willing to administer what appeared to be lethal electrical shocks to another person because they were told to do so by an authority figure.
2/3
73
New cards
A researcher interested in what factors make an employee best suited for a given job would most likely identify as a(n) ________ psychologist.
IO
74
New cards
If someone wanted to become a psychology professor at a 4-year college, they would probably need a ________ degree in psychology.
PhD
75
New cards
The ________ places less emphasis on research and more emphasis on application of therapeutic skills.
PsyD
76
New cards
Which of the following degrees would be the minimum required to teach psychology courses in high school?
bachelor's degree
77
New cards
One would need at least a(n) ________ degree to serve as a school psychologist.
master's
78
New cards
psyche means
soul
79
New cards
Clinical Jobs
private practice, virtual practice, community clinics, rehab centres, hospitals, career centres, prisons & courts, schools
80
New cards
Clinical Jobs - time to get job
6-11 years
81
New cards
Research jobs examples
academic researcher/ prof, private industry researcher, governmental researcher, statistician, data analyst & manager, science writer, research coordinator/assistant
82
New cards
Other jobs from psychology
-military/intelligence/ veterans affairs -business/marketing/HR
-Lawyer/forensic investigator -teacher/educational policy -sports/coaching/kinesiology -social media/graphic design -government/project management
83
New cards
Occupations in psych ranked (top 10)
1.management
2.sales
3.social work
4.other management
5.HR
6.administrative
7.insurance, real estate, business
8.marketing and sales
9.healthcare (nurse, pharmacist, therapist)
10.finance (accountant, auditor)
84
New cards
empirical method
method for acquiring knowledge based on observation, including experimentation, rather than a method based only on forms of logical argument or previous authorities
85
New cards
What is Psychology?
Psychology is defined as the scientific study of mind and behavior. Students of psychology develop critical thinking skills, become familiar with the scientific method, and recognize the complexity of behavior.
86
New cards
clinical psychology
Focuses on diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and problematic patterns of behavior. Study involves clinical therapy and counseling.
87
New cards
Biopsychology
This field primarily focuses on the bodily functions regarding the nervous, sensory, and motor systems and any possible psychological disorders that may relate to them.
biology (nervous system) influences our behavior

-sensory and motor systems, sleep, drug use and abuse, ingestive behavior, reproductive behavior, neurodevelopment, plasticity of the nervous system, and biological correlates of psychological disorders.
88
New cards
What does Gestalt mean?
whole
89
New cards
functionalism
This theory holds that if one can identify the function of something, one can understand it. Much like the function of a car would be transportation, status, entertainment and the like.
90
New cards
structuralism
This theory holds that if you can describe the structure or characteristics of something you can understand it
contents of mental processes rather than their function
91
New cards
can we test that birds sing because they are happy?
not a hypothesis that can be tested since we have no way to measure the happiness of a bird.
92
New cards
what does introspection stand for
internal perception
93
New cards
in freud's view, what is the unconscious mind?
feelings and urges we have no awareness of
94
New cards
operant conditioning chamber/skinner box
isolate subject from external enviro and had behaviour indicator (lever or button)
-when press button/lever delivers positive reinforcement of the behaviour (such as food) or a
95
New cards
humanism vs psychoanalysis and behaviourism
behavior-deterministic at core bc say behaviour is due to genetics and enviro
psycho-pessimism and determinism of actions by unconscious
*believed in personal control and intentionality
96
New cards
Rogers believed that a therapist needed to display three features to maximize the effectiveness of this particular approach: ...
unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy
97
New cards
cognitive revolution
revived interest in the mind as a focus of scientific inquiry
-behaviour was not enough need to incorporate mental functioning
98
New cards
Cross-cultural psychologists
compare populations across countries, such as participants from the United States compared to participants from China
99
New cards
personality traits + big five
enduring characteristics that describe an individual's behavior
conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion
100
New cards
Stanley Milgram Experiment
-to see if soldiers obey orders in Nazi even though don't believe
-believe give lethal shock -2/3 did
-could have withdrawn and left with money