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Connective Tissue
A type of tissue that supports and connects different parts of the body.
Mesenchyme
The special cells from which all connective tissues originate.
Ground Substance
A jelly-like material filling the space between cells in connective tissue.
Collagen
Strong fibers that help keep tissues in place.
Elastic Fibers
Stretchy fibers that allow tissues to return to their original shape.
Reticular Fibers
Fibers that create a supportive net structure in connective tissue.
Blasts
Cells in connective tissue that build new tissue.
Cytes
Mature cells in connective tissue that maintain the tissue.
Blood Supply in Connective Tissue
Varies among different types; some have many blood vessels, others have few.
Areolar Connective Tissue
A loose connective tissue that provides support and binds different tissues together.
Adipose Tissue
Connective tissue that stores fat, provides insulation, and cushions organs.
Reticular Connective Tissue
Tissue that provides structural support and forms a framework for organs.
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Tissue that provides strong attachment between structures with great tensile strength.
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Tissue that provides strength and support in multiple directions.
Elastic Connective Tissue
Tissue that allows tissues to stretch and recoil, found in large arteries and ligaments.
Hyaline Cartilage
Cartilage that provides support and flexibility, reducing friction at joints.
Elastic Cartilage
Cartilage that maintains shape while allowing flexibility.
Fibrocartilage
Cartilage that provides tough support and absorbs compressive shock.
Bone
A connective tissue that supports and protects organs, stores calcium, and produces blood cells.
Blood
Connective tissue that transports nutrients and waste throughout the body.
Epidermis
The outermost layer of skin that protects against the outside world.
Dermis
The layer beneath the epidermis that contains blood vessels and nerves.
Hypodermis
The deepest layer of skin made up of fat and connective tissue.
Keratinocytes
Cells that produce keratin, a protein that helps protect the skin.
Melanocytes
Cells that produce melanin, contributing to skin color.
Merkel Cells
Cells involved in the sense of touch, located primarily in fingertips.
Langerhans Cells
Immune cells in the skin that protect against infections.
Stratum Basale
The deepest layer of the epidermis with active dividing cells.
Stratum Spinosum
A layer with a web-like structure that provides strength and immunity.
Stratum Granulosum
A thick layer of modified keratinocytes that help reduce water loss.
Stratum Lucidum
A thin layer found only in thick skin, containing clear, flat dead keratinocytes.
Stratum Corneum
The topmost layer of the skin made of dead keratin-filled cells.
Functions of Integumentary System
Includes protection, temperature regulation, sensation, metabolism, excretion, and blood reservoir.
Eccrine Glands
Sweat glands that release sweat directly to the skin surface to cool the body.
Apocrine Glands
Sweat glands that empty into hair follicles and can cause body odor.
Sebaceous Glands
Glands that produce oil to keep skin and hair moist.
Spongy Bone
Light, airy bone that provides strength while reducing weight.
Compact Bone
Dense, hard bone that provides strength and support.
Diaphysis
The long, middle part of a long bone that provides support.
Epiphysis
The ends of a long bone that connect with other bones.
Periosteum
The covering of bones that helps with healing and growth.
Osteon
The basic structural unit of bone composed of concentric rings.
Central Canal
Hollow canal in an osteon that carries blood vessels and nerves.
Lacunae
Small spaces within bone that house bone cells called osteocytes.
Vertebral Column
The spine, consisting of cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal vertebrae.
Cervical Vertebrae
7 vertebrae that support the head and allow neck movement.
Thoracic Vertebrae
12 vertebrae that connect with the ribs to support the upper back.
Lumbar Vertebrae
5 vertebrae that support the lower back and bear weight.
Pectoral Girdle
Includes clavicles and scapulae, supporting the upper limbs.
Pelvic Girdle
Supports the weight of the upper body and connects lower limbs.
Upper Limb Structure
Includes humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.
Lower Limb Structure
Includes femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.
