Unit 1 AP Human Geo Vocab

Map scale

the level of detail and area covered on a map depends on the map scale

Projection

Transferring locations on earths surface to a flat map

Mercator Projection

a rectangular map with consistent direction but distorted shape

Gall-Peters Projection

shape is distorted but not relative size

Longitude

numbering system that locates each meridian on earth's surface; basis for telling time

Latitude

Numbering system for location of parallels

Isoline map

Uses continuous lines to connect points of equal numerical value across a geographic space

Dot distribution map

Depicts data as dots to show how clustered or spread out data is in certain regions

Choropleth map

Map shaded in proportion to the measurement of the data ( Ex

Graduated symbol map

symbols that change in size according to value of data (Ex

Cartogram

size of state or country proportional to value of a particular variable

What are the 3 ways map scale is presented?

ratios (numerical relation between distance on map and earth's surface), written (describes in words that relation) and graphic scale (a bar line marked to show distance on earths surface)

What are the 4 types of map distortion

shape (elongated), distance (may increase or decrease), relative size (one country looks larger than another even though it's smaller), and direction.

Explain the geographic grid, making sure to explain a meridian and a parallel

imaginary arcs drawn in a grid pattern on earth's surface. Meridian connects north and South Pole, related to longitude. A parallel is a circle drawn around glob, parallel to equator, related to latitude.

Place

specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular characteristic, like location/position

Region

area of earth defined by 1 or more distinctive characteristics

Scale

relationship between portion of Earth being studied and earth as a whole

Space

physical gap or interval between 2 objects

Connection

relationship between people and objects across the barriers of space

Cartography

science of making maps

Geographic Information System

captures, stores, and displays geographic data

Remote Sensing

getting info about earth's surface from a satellite or long-distance method

Global Positioning System (GPS)

determines precise position of something on earth

Geotagging

identification and storage of a piece of info with its precise latitude and longitude coordinates

Mashup

A map overlaying data from one source on top of a map provided by a mapping device

Explain the difference between history and geography.

history can't look at the past first hand but geography can look at land and the way we affect it first hand

Describe the two purposes of maps

a reference tool to find quickest routes, and communication to depict distribution of human activities or physical features

Location

the position that something occupies on earths surface

Toponym

name given to a place

Site

physical character of a place, like climate, soil, etc

Relative Location (Situation)

location of place relative to other places

Absolute Location

description of a place in a way that never changes (long. and lat. coordinates)

Explain the two reasons that situation is a valuable way to indicate location

it helps find unfamiliar places (compare location with familiar one) and understand importance of a place (if it's near lots of other places)

Distribution

where things are located across a space

Density

frequency something occurs in space, like people, houses, cars, etc

Concentration

extent to which a feature, object or population in clustered/bunched or spread across a space

Pattern

geometric arrangement of objects in space, some in pattern, some distributed irregularly

Uneven development

wealth, infrastructure, and quality of life grow at different times/rates across different regions of the world

Core region

central, most economically advanced, politically powerful area that dominates trade, innovation, and culture

what are the core regions

North America, Europe, and East Asia

Peripheral region

area located away from a central hub with less economic and political power

Income inequality

Unequal distribution of wealth and economic activity across different physical locations

Gender v. Sex

Sex is biological, gender is social attributions and opportunities associated with your sex

Gender Role

the norms you're expected to follow bc of your gender

How does the distribution of major league baseball teams illustrate the difference between density and concentration?

there's a large density of baseball teams around world but it's concentrated more in the upper east

Explain how electronic communication plays a role in space inequality

new tech. concentrated in wealthier areas

Explain the difference between gender equality and gender equity

equality means all genders have same rights, equity means fair outcomes becomes everyone starts in different places in their lives

Explain how the laws regarding LGBTQ people may influence spatial interaction

some places might have strict laws so people will move to where they're safer and not discriminated which will influence where people go

Explain the difference between ethnic identity and racial identity

racial is your physical attributes, ethnic is your culture, language, and traditions

Distance decay

contact diminishes with increased distance and eventually disappears

Time-space compression

connection between places takes less time

Network

chain of communication that connects people

Assimilation

a group's culture altered to resemble other group

Acculturation

changes in culture when 2 groups meet, adopting other culture while keeping your own

Syncretism

2 cultures combine and form new culture

Resource

substance in environment useful to people

Sustainability

Use resources in ways to ensure availability in future

Conservation

management of earth's natural resources to meet human needs

Preservation

maintenance of resources in present condition with as little human impact as possible

Climate

long-term average weather condition in certain location

Biosphere

all living organisms on earth

Erosion

when soil washes away in rain or wind

Depletion of Nutrients

when plants withdraw more nutrients from soil than natural processes can replace

Cultural ecology

study of human-environment relations

Environmental determinism

belief that physical environment causes social development

Possibilism

physical environment may limit some human actions but people can adjust to environment

Coordinated Universal Time

time at prime meridian is reference time for all points on earth

International Date Line

imaginary line marking where new calendar day starts. Going west means forward a day, going east means back a day

List and explain the three pillars of sustainability

environment (protect natural world), economy (financial health) and society (human equality)

Describe how the environment has been modified in the Netherlands

polders, pieces of land created by draining water from an area, and dikes, which prevent North Sea from flooding country

Explain why Cape Town, South Africa has an unsustainable future

they already struggle with water shortages and global climate change is only making it drier and warmer.