Revised Child and Fam Final

What are the benefits of studying children?

Help you develop skills that are valuable throughout life.
Help you understand children better
Help you understand yourself better
Help you understand environmental factors that influence how a child grows physically, emotionally, socially, and intellectually.

What are the 5 characteristics of child development?

1. Development is similar for everyone

2. Development builds on earlier learning

3. Development proceeds at individual rates

4. Different areas of development are interrelated 5.Development is lifelong

What are some hereditary influences on child development?

Blood type
eye color
hair color

What are some environmental influences on child development?

Family
friends
Peers
society
media
technology

What are the Stages of Life After Childhood (Human Life Cycle)

Adolescence- Between childhood and adulthood
Creating an identity and independence
Pursuing education and careers
Young Adulthood-(20s)
Finishing education
Marriage
Thirties
Establish roots and find stability in career and relationships
Reevaluate life choices
Middle age- (40-55)
Parents adjust to their children becoming independent
Many start a new career
Late adulthood- (55-75)
Many retire(more time for hobbies, part-time or grandkids
Some deal with health issues
Very Late Adulthood (75 and older)
Health problems become common and they may need assistance
The community contributes to society with experience and knowledge

Why observe children?

Gain a better understanding of child development
Stages
Sequence
Gain a better understanding of individualism among children
Gain feedback about own parenting skills and/or teaching
Identify children with special needs

How to observe children?

Be objective not subjective
Objective
Use of facts (only what you hear or see)
Free from prejudice and personal opinion
Subjective
Opinions
Personal Feelings
Blend into the environment, be respectful and confidential
Analyze the Information
Interpretation: The analysis an observer forms and expresses about what was observed

What are the different Types of Observation?

Running record- observation recording method that involves recording everything observed for a set period of time
Anecdotal- recording observations that focus on a particular event or setting
Frequency count- tally of how often a certain behavior occurs
Baseline\= number before efforts to correct behavior
Development checklist- list of specific skills or behavior that a child of a certain age range should be mastering

How would becoming a parent affect your life?

You would have less time
Less sleep

What factors influence teens as they develop their sexual identity?

Hormones
Media(TV, Music, Movies, internet, and commercials)
Values

What are the emotional and physical consequences of sexual activity?

Emotional consequences- feeling about self, feeling about partner
Physical consequences- change in relationships, STD/STI, HIV, and pregnancy

What are the consequences of teen pregnancy?

Education challenges- many leave high school and never finish, it's hard to find a job without an HS diploma.
Financial challenges- Medical expenses for child and childbirth, money for care for a new baby.

open adoption

a type of adoption that involves direct contact between the biological and adoptive parents

closed adoption

no contact between birth parents and adoptive parents

What are the functions of a family

A. Meet Basic Needs-Physical, Emotional, Social, and Intellectual
B. Prepared Children to live in society
Teach values, norms, language, dress, foods music
Unintentionally by example
Intentionally through communication and religion
Provide support- Family friends coworkers religion
Form Traditions
Celebration Traditions (Birthday, Holidays)
Family Traditions(unique to family, vacations special activities)
Patterned Family Traditions (centered around daily routines)
Shared Values
Handle Conflicts

Image-Making Stage

consider what it means to be a parent and plan for changes to accommodate the child

Nurturing stage

develop an attachment relationship with a child and adapt to the new baby

Authority stage

parents create rules and figure out how to effectively guide their children's behavior

interpretive stage

parents help their children interpret their experiences with the social world beyond the family

independent stage

parents renegotiate their relationship with their adolescent children to allow for shared power in decision-making

departure stage

Parents evaluate their successes and failures as parents

nuclear family

father, mother, and at least one child in the same household

single-parent

one parent with at least 1 child sharing household

blended family

a married couple and at least one child from parents previous

extended family

includes relatives other than paents and children within same household

legal guardian

-a court order that says someone who is not the child's parent is in charge of taking care of the child

foster child

a child whose parents or other close family members are unable to care for them

couple stage

a couple works to establish a home and marriage relationship

childbearing (expanding)stage

a couple prepares for and adjusts to parenthood

childbearing (developing) stage

children grow the parents work to meet the child's needs and independence

launching stage

Children gradually leave home to support themselves. Parents help their children adapt to life on their own

Empty nest stage

after the last child has left home, the couple renews their relationship and adjusts to the change in their parenting role

retirement stage

couple adjusts to the aging process, renews old interests, or develops new ones

What are some current social trends affecting families?

Increased Mobility
Aging Population
Economic Changes
Workplace Changes
Changes in Traditional Family Roles

What are the basic categories of children's needs?

Physical needs
Emotional and Social Needs
Intellectual needs

deprivation

Lack of the critical needs and encouraging environment that are essential for physical, emotional, social, and intellectual wellbeing

Authoritarian parenting

children should obey parents without question

Assertive Democratic Parenting

children have some input on rules

Permissive parenting

parents give children a lot of freedom

What can a parent do to encourage a child to behave in an appropriate way?

Use positive reinforcement, let them know what you like and don't like

What is the ultimate goal of discipline?

The ultimate goal of discipline is to keep kids safe.

How can parents give effective direction?

Good Directions
Be consistent

What steps should be taken when setting limits for children?

Be clear with limits
Know the age-appropriate discipline
Give warnings

Why is it important to allow children to make some decisions about their behavior?

Makes them feel like they have some power over what they are doing.

30. How can parents provide positive reinforcement?

High five
Offer a special activity
Thumbs up
Good Job
Smiling

What are effective ways of communicating with children?

Smiles and nods because children may not understand what you are saying.

What are some ways that children learn?

1. playing

2. watching other people

3. formal teaching

4. by making mistakes

What are effective forms of punishment?

Natural Consequences, Loss of Privileges, Ignore Behavior, Time Out

What are some ineffective forms of punishment?

Bribing
Making a child promise to behave
Yelling
Shaming/ Belittling a child
Telling child you no longer kive them
Spanking

ovum

egg

uterus

Female organ of reproduction used to house the developing fetus.

fallopian tube

tubes which carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus and which provides the place where fertilization occurs

sperm

Male sex cell

conception

when a sperm fertilizes an egg and forms a zygote (46 chromosomes)

chromosome

Threadlike particle in the nucleus of every cell

gene

unit that determines inherited characteristics

recessive gene

Gene that is hidden when the dominant gene is present

dominant gene

A gene that is expressed in the offspring whenever it is present

what is the chromosome combination of a male zygote

XY

Fraternal twin

two eggs are fertilized by two sperm and both implant in the uterus

identical twins

one egg fertilized by one sperm splits

When is a couple considered to be infertile?

After 1 year of trying to conceive

Artificial insemination

the process of injecting sperm in a woman's uterus with a special needle

In vitro fertilization

an egg is placed in a small glass dish containing a special solution to which sperm is added
If fertilization takes place the doctor inserts fertilized egg into woman's uterus

Ovum transfer

an egg obtained from a female donor is fertilized by the man's sperm with in vitro fertilization and then implanted in the uterus of the woman

Surrogate mother

Woman who carries and delivers a baby for another couple
Can be couple's biological child
Surrogate could be artificially inseminated with sperm of husband
Legal contract is common

Prenatal Development

development of the body during the period before birth

zygote

a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum.

embryo

a cluster of cells that develops between weeks 3-8

amniotic sac

a sac filled with a special fluid that surrounds and protects the developing baby

placenta

develops tissue that attaches the unborn baby to the mother's uterus

umbilical cord

develops long tube that connects the placenta to the unborn baby
Carries nourishment and oxygen to baby
Takes carbon dioxide and other wastes from the baby

fetus

unborn baby from 8 weeks until birth

miscarriage

the natural ending of a pregnancy before the embryo or fetus could possibly survive

stillbirth

the natural ending of pregnancy after 20 weeks

What factors can contribute to birth defects?

Genetics, Environmental hazards, Combination of environment and hereditary, Errors in Chromosomes

genetic counseling

helps parents know before they conceive what their statistical odds of having a child with a birth defect will be
-often people get it done if they have a reason to believe there is a risk
- explain options

ultrasound

Sound waves make a video image & Check to see if a baby is developing normally

Amniocentesis

sample of amniotic fluid and test for defects, usually done in 16-18 weeks

Chorionic villi sampling

collects tissue from the membrane that encases the fetus, usually done 10-12 weeks

What are the hazards a woman should avoid when pregnant?

Alcohol
Drugs
Caffeine
Tobacco

What are the early signs of pregnancy?

Missed period
Swollen or sore breasts
Fatigue
headaches/dizziness/fainting
Frequent urination
Spotting or cramping
Nausea
Adversity to food or smell

What are some common discomforts of pregnancy?

nausea, fatigue, heartburn, shortness of breath, varicose veins, lower back pain, muscle cramps

What are some signs of a possible complication during pregnancy?

Bleeding
Severe headaches
Severe abdominal pain
Difficulty breathing

What should a woman do to take care of herself while she is pregnant?

Eat healthy(Pregnancy Plate)
Rest
Exercise
Hygiene
Resume normal activities
Maternity clothes
Focus on Emotional Health- Stress, depression, physical changes(body image and hormones)

What are some normal reactions an older child could have to a new sibling?

It could be confusing to them depending on age.
Acknowledge and discuss their emotions(love, excitement, jealousy, anger)
GIve them attention and time
Reassure them of your love
Get them involved in planning and preparing
If a child needs to move out of their room do it months before or after the baby is born
Point out advantages of not being the "baby"

What are the advantages of bottle feeding?

can be done by father or mother, more lianent schedule, great for mothers who can't breastfeed, could be more costly

What are some benefits of breastfeeding?

• High-quality nutrition
• Protection from infections, allergies, and
residues
• Assists the mother in weight loss
• Suppresses ovulation
• Provides an opportunity for bonding
• Convenience and cost efficient

flexible expenses

entertainment, clothing, groceries

fixed expenses

rent, cable/internet, car payment, insurance, savings/emergency fund

prepared childbirth(natural birth)

method of birth where pain reduced through elimination of fear through technique

labor

process where baby gradually moves out of the uterus into vagina to be born

delivery

actual birth

Obstetrician

specializes in prenatal and postnatal

Family doctor

general practices who also delivers

licensed midwife

RN with training in uncomplicated births

lay midwife

a non-medically trained person who helps deliver babies

What are some services provided in family-centered maternity care?

Classes and programs for parents and siblings
Birthing Rooms/ Suites
Emphasis on comfort(positions, chairs, tubs, music, and lighting)
"Rooming in"- baby stays with mother instead of going to nursery
LDRP- Labor, delivery, recovery and postpartum all in one room

What are some services provided in an Alternative Birthing Center?

Homelike facility separate from hospital
Low-risk pregnancies
Offers more nontraditional approaches than a hospital
Less expensive
Less time after birth

What are the early signs of labor?

Lightning- Baby drops into pelvis
"Bloody Show"- few drops of blood caused by the mucus plug dissolving
Water breaks- can be a gush or trickle
Contractions