MED TERMS CH. 1 & 2

Primitive Times

4000 bc - 3000 bc

• believed illness and disease were caused by supernatural spirits and demons

• Average life span was life 20 years

3000 bc - 300 bc

Ancient Times

• earliest people known to maintain accurate health records

• Average life span was 20 to 30 years

1700 bc - 220 ad

Ancient Chinese

• religious prohibition against dissection resulted in inadequate knowledge of the body structure

• Carefully monitored the pulse to determine the condition of the body

• used acupuncture, or puncture of the skin by needles to relieve pain in the body

• Begin the search for medical reasons for illness

• Average life span was 20 to 30 years

1200 bc - 200 ad

Ancient Greeks

• began modern medical science by observing the human body and effects of disease

• Hippocrates (460-377 bc) called the Father of Medicine : developed an organized method to observe the human body, recorded signs and symptoms of many diseases

• Aristotle (384-322 bc) : dissected animals and is called the Founder of Comparative Anatomy

753 bc - 410 ad

Ancient Romansh’s

• early hospitals developed when physicians cared for ill people in rooms in their homes

• Began public health and sanitation systems:

• Created aqueducts to carry clean water to cities

• Built sewers to carry waste materials away from cities

• Used filtering systems in public baths to prevent disease

• Drained marshes to reduce the incidence of malaria

• Claudius Galen (129 - 199 ad) a physician, established many medical beliefs

400 - 800 ad

Dark Ages

• emphasis was placed on saving the soul and the study of medicine was prohibited

• Prayer and divine intervention were used to treat illness and disease

• Average span of life was 20 - 30 years

800 - 1400 ad

Middle Ageshhh

• Interested in medical practice sparked of Greeks and Roman’s

• Worldwide epidemic of the bubonic plague killed ¾ of the population of Europe and Asia

• Major diseases like : smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the plague, and malaria

• Average Life span was 20 to 35 years

• Rhazes (Al-razi), an Arab physician, became known as the Arab Hippocrates : based diagnoses on observations of the signs and symptoms of disease, developed criteria for distinguishing between smallpox and measles in 910 ad

1350 -1650 ad

Renaissance

• rebirth of science of medicine

• Dissection of the body began to allow a better understanding of anatomy and physiology

• Micheal Angelo and Leonardo de Vinci used dissection to draw the human body more realistically

• Michealangelo (1475-1564)

• Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)

• Micheal Servetus (1511-1553) : described the circulatory system in the lungs, explained how digestion is a source of heat for the body

• Roger Bacon (1214? - 1294) : promoted chemical remedies to treat disease, researched optics and refraction (bending of light rays)

16th and 17th Centuries

• causes of diseases were still not known and many people died from infections and puerperal (childbirth fever)

• Apothecaries (early pharmacists) made, prescribed, and sold medications

• Average life span was 35 to 45 years

• Ambrosie Paré (1510-1590): a French Surgeon, known as the Father of Modern Surgery

• Gabriel Fallopius (1523-1562): Identified the fallopian tubes in a female

• William Harvey (1578-1657): described the circulation of blood to and from the heart in 1628

• Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723): invented the microscope in 1666

  
  

18th Century

• Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) : created the first mercury thermometer in 1714

• Joseph Priestley (1733-1804) : discovered the element of oxygen in 1774

• John Hunter (1728-1793) : an English surgeon: established scientific procedures, introduced the tube feeding in 1778

• Dr. Jessee Bennet preformed the first successful Cesarean section in 1794

• Edward Jenner (1749-1823) : developed a vaccination for smallpox in 1796

19th Century

• First successful blood transfusion on humans in 1818 by James Blundell

• René Laënnec (1781-1826) : invented the stethoscope in 1816

• American Medical Association was formed in Philadelphia in 1847

• Elizabeth Blackwell (1821-1910) became the first female physician in 1849

• First test tube baby is born, Louise Brown in 1978

  • Flornace Nightingale (1820-1910) : Founder of Modern Nursing, established efficient and sanitary nursing units

  • Dorothea Dix (1802-1887) : became Superintendent of Female Nurses of the Army in 1861

  • International Red Cross was founded in 1863

    • Joseph Lister (1827-1912) : started using disinfectants and antiseptic during surgery to prevent infections in 1865

      • Clara Barton (1821-1912) : founded the American Red Cross in 1881

      • Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) : discovered the practice of medicine such as : proving that microorganisms cause disease

      • Pasteurizing milk to kill bacteria

      • Creating a vaccine for rabies in 1885

      • Gregory Mendel (1822-1884) : established the principals of dominate/recessive patterns

      • Robert Koch ( 1843-1910 ) : Father of Microbiology, isolated bacteria that causes TB

      • William Roentgen : discovered X-rays (1895)

      • Sir Alexandra Fleming : Discovered Penicillin (1928)

20th Century

• first heart transplant performed by Chris Barnard (1967)

• First lung transplant preformed by James Hardy (1964)

• First liver transplant preformed by Thomas Starzl (1963)

• First sheep cloned (1997)

• The first heart - lung machine was used for open heart surgery in 1953

• Influenza (flu) pandemic killed more than 21 million people in 1918

• Vaccine for Chicken Pox was approved in 1995

• Jonas Salk (1914-1995) developed the polio vaccine using dead polio virus in 1952

21th Century

• Virus that causes SARS was identified as new corona virus (2003)

• First face transplant (2005)

• Shingles vaccine (zostavax) was approved by FDA in 2006

• Gardasil, a vaccine to prevent cervical cancer was approved by the FDA in 2006

• Human Genome Project identified approximately 20,000 to 25,000 genes in human DNA was completed in 2003

Cost Containment

• control the rising costs of healthcare

• Rising costs due to :

  Technological advancements : advanced procedures, organ transplants, computerized/digital diagnostics tools, artificial organs

  Aging population: people live longer, more medical attention

  Health-related lawsuits: malpractice insurance is EXPENSIVE, unnecessary tests and procedures (defense against lawsuits)

Diagnostic related groups (DRGs)

• Applies to only government insurance plans like Medicare or Medicaid

• Certain diagnosis given ‘set amount’, regardless of facility used

• example: A patient that has undergone a hip replacement falls under DRG 469 (major joint replacement or reattachment of lower extremity)

Combination of services

Certain facilities shared by different agencies to avoid patient receiving duplicate services

Outpatient services

Care without admission to hospital

Mass/bulk purchases

Buy more is equal to pay less

Methods for cost contaminate

Early intervention and prevention services

prevention of diseases cost less than treating chronic disease

Methods for cost contaminate 2

Energy conservation

Monitoring use of energy and implementing methods for energy conservation

Home health care

Providing healthcare services in a patient’s home

Care includes:

• Nursing care

• Physical therapy

• Occupational therapy

• Respiratory therapy

• Social services

• Nutritional and food services

Geriatric care

Providing care to the elders,

More people are living longer

• Adult daycare

• Retirement communities

• Assisted and independent living facilities

• Long-term facility

OBRA (Omnibus budget reconciliation act)

• also known as the Nursing Home Reform Act (NHRA)

• Developed regulations regarding long-term in-home healthcare

• Mandatory state approved training for nurses and geriatric assistance

Telemedicine

• The use of video audio, and computer systems to provide care

• Paramedics consent test results to ER doctors while en route

• Patients can send test results to doctors from their home such as blood glucose levels, blood pressure readings, oxygen levels, vital signs

• Patients can consult specialties from across the country

Wellness

State of being an optimum health

• Physical wellness

• Emotional wellness

• Social wellness

• Mental/intellect wellness

• Spiritual wellness

Complementary methods of healthcare

Used along with more conventional medical therapies

Alternative methods of healthcare

Used in places of biomedical therapy

Integrated healthcare

Use of both mainstream treatments and CAM therapies

WHO (World health organization)

To ensure that everyone everywhere can achieve best health possible

• fight the spread of disease diseases worldwide

• Set international health standards

• Provide guidance on health issues

• Offer technical support to countries in need such as vaccines or food

• Monitoring, global health, trends data

USDHHS (US Department of health and human services)

Enhancing protect the health and well-being of all Americans

• Manage programs like Medicare and Medicaid

(NIH) National Institute of health

To seek fundamental knowledge about the nature and behavior of living systems and apply knowledge to enhance health, lightening life and reduce illness

Conducted support medical research

CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)

To Protect America from health, safety and security threats, both foreign and domestic

Monitor and prevent the spread of disease diseases

FDA (food and drug administration)

To protect public health by ensuring the safety, efficiency and security of drug drugs, food, medical devices and cosmetics and other products

AHCPR (Agency for healthcare policy and research)

To enhance the quality appropriateness and efficient of healthcare services to research and policy development

Conduct and support research to improve healthcare delivery and outcomes

OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration)

To ensure safe and helpful working conditions for workers by setting in enforcing standards and providing training education and assistance

• Health departments

Could get birth and death certificate certificates

To protect and improve the health of the public

Health departments are government agencies at the federal state and local level

Voluntary or nonprofit agencies

Supported by donations, membership fees, fundraisers, and grants

Organizational structure

Line of authority or chain command

Premiums

The money you pay your insurance company or employer in order to have insurance policy

Deductible

Amount the insurance pay before insurance starts to pay

(Pay before insurance)

Co - Insurance

Percentage of the bill the insured is responsible to pay

Co - payment

Fixed amount the bill the insured is responsible to pay

(HMO) Health maintenance organization

Comprehensive care for a fixed fee: HMOS provide a wide range of health services for a predictable monthly cost

Preventative care focus: HMOS emphasizes preventative measures like regular check ups and screenings to maintain health

Coordinated service: HMOS work to ensure that all your healthcare needs are efficiently managed

Diverse operating environment: HMOS can be found in various settings, including industries, private agencies, and more

PPO (Preferred provider organization)

Have a network of preferred doctors in hospitals

You usually pay less when you see a doctor or go to a hospital in the network

Outside of network means more money

Medicare

• The federal government program

• Primarily for people aged 65 and older

• Cover certain disabled people, and people with end stage rental disease

• Typically covers inpatient hospital stays skilled nursing facility, hospice care, and some home health services

• Medical insurance covers doctors visits outpatient services, preventative care and some labs

Medicaid

• Provide health coverage for low income, individuals and families, physical disabilities and blind

• Typically covers: Hospitalization doctors visits, prescription drugs, preventative care mental health services

• No premium, but could have copayment or deductibles

Medigap

• designed to fill gaps in Medicare coverage

• Sold by private insurance companies

• Could help cover: Deductibles copayments coinsurance for and travel emergencies

SCHIP (The state children’s health insurance program)

• Government funded health insurance program

• Provide coverage for low income, children, and teens

• Can help cover: Hospitalization doctors visits, prescription drug drugs, preventative care mental health services

Workers compensation

• Insurance program for workplace injuries and illness

TRICARE

• Health insurance program for military members and their families

• Typically covers: Hospitalization doctor visits, prescription drugs, preventative care mental health service

HIPAA

Federal law that protects the privacy and security of health information