ASWB LMSW Exam (Full)

Erik Erikson

A theorist known for his 8-stage theory of psychosocial development focusing on resolving successive identity crises

Basic Trust vs. Mistrust (Erikson)

Fist stage of development. Infants learn trust and develop a sense of safety through the consistency of the caregiver meeting their needs (birth to one year)

Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (Erikson)

Second stage of development. Toddlers learn to do things for themselves through encouragement and support (1-3 years)

Initiative vs. Guilt (Erikson)

Third stage of development. Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans (usually through playing with others) or they feel guilty about their efforts at independence (3-6 years)

Industry vs. Inferiority (Erikson)

Fourth stage of development. School-age children learn the pleasure of applying oneself to a task, or they feel inferior/incompetent (6-12 years)

Identity vs. Role Confusion (Erikson)

Fifth stage of development. Teenagers develop a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are (12-18 years)

Intimacy vs. Isolation (Erikson)

Sixth stage of development. Young adults work on forming and maintaining intimate relationships outside of their family or they feel socially isolated (18-40 years)

Generativity vs. Stagnation (Erikson)

Seventh stage of development. Middle-aged adults discover a sense of community by contributing to society through family or work, or they may feel a lack of purpose (40-65 years)

Ego Integrity vs. Despair (Erikson)

Eighth stage of development. Older adults reflect on satisfaction with their lives/accomplishments or feel a sense of failure/regret (65 years to death)

Social Development - Micro

learning how to behave and interact well with others; learning how to manage feelings in a way that is productive rather than counterproductive

Social Development - Macro

learning how people interact in groups and society (family, community), especially in regards to social norms, institutional change, and inclusion

Emotional Development

learning self-awareness, self-regulation, social skills, cooperation, attention, transitioning from one activity to another, self-confidence, forming and maintaining relationships

Six Levels of Cognition

knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, evaluation (KCAASE)

Knowledge

rote memorization, recognition, recall of facts (1st level of cognition)

Comprehension

understanding what facts mean (2nd level of cognition)

Application

correct use of facts, rules, or ideas (3rd level of cognition)

Analysis

breaking information down into its component parts (4th level of cognition)

Synthesis

combination of facts, ideas, or information to make a new whole (5th level of cognition)

Evaluation

judging or forming an opinion about the information or situation (6th level of cognition)

Jean Piaget

known for his 4-stage theory of cognitive development in children. sensorimotor —> preoperational —> concrete operational —> formal operational

Sensorimotor Stage (Piaget)

first stage of development; infants and young toddlers explore using the senses. infants learn cause and effect and develop object permanence (birth to 2 years)

Preoperational Stage (Piaget)

second stage of development; young children learn to speak and engage in symbolic thinking (pretend play and imaginary friends) and continued egocentric thinking (2-7 years)

Concrete Operations Stage (Piaget)

third stage of development; school-age children engage in logical thinking, but still struggle with abstract thinking. children have a better understanding of rules and become less egocentric (7-11 years)

Formal Operations Stage (Piaget)

fourth stage of development; by puberty, people are able to engage in abstract hypothetical thinking, plan for the future, and test hypotheses (12 years through adulthood)

Lawrence Kohlberg

known for his theory of stages of moral development

Preconventional Morality (Kohlberg)

obeys authority out of fear of punishment; acts in own best interests; conforms to receive rewards (childhood)

Conventional Morality (Kohlberg)

acts to gain approval from others; obeys laws and fulfills obligations to maintain social system; avoids censure and guilt (adolescents & most adults)

Postconventional Morality (Kohlberg)

genuine interest in others' welfare; concerned with individual rights and being morally right; guided by principles and concerns based on broad, universal ethics and morality (some adults)

Learning Theory - Behaviorism

learning is viewed through change in behavior and the stimuli in the external environment are the locus of learning; change the external environment and change behavior

Learning Theory - Cognitive Theory

learning is viewed through internal mental processes (insight, information processing, memory, perception) and the locus of learning is internal cognitive structures; develop opportunities to foster capacity and skills to improve learning

Learning Theory - Humanism

learning is viewed as a person's activities aimed at reaching his or her full potential, and the locus of learning is in meeting cognitive and other needs; develop the whole person

Learning Theory - Social Theory

learning is obtained between people and their environment--their interactions and observations in social contexts; establish opportunities for conversation and participation

Respondent Behavior (Behaviorism)

involuntary behavior (anxiety, sexual response) that is automatically elicited by certain behavior. A stimulus elicits a response.

Operant Behavior (Behaviorism)

voluntary behavior (walking, talking) that is controlled by its consequences in the environment

Classical Conditioning

learning to associate an involuntary response and a stimulus (Pavlov's dogs develop the expectation that they will be fed when a bell rings)

Operant Conditioning

learning to associate a voluntary response with a consequence (Skinner's rats develop the expectation that they will get food by pressing a lever)

Best known applications of behavior modification

sexual dysfunction, phobic disorders, compulsive behaviors (overeating, smoking), and training for people with intellectual disabilities or Autism Spectrum Disorder

Behavioral theories suggest that personality is a result of...

interaction between the individual and the environment

Behavioral theories focus on...

observable and measurable behaviors rather than internal thoughts and feelings

advantages of client self-monitoring (Behaviorism)

inexpensive, practical, therapeutic

disadvantages of client self-monitoring (Behaviorism)

clients collecting inadequate/inaccurate information or resisting to collect any at all

Positive Reinforcement (Operant Technique)

increases probability that behavior will occur: praise, giving tokens, or otherwise rewarding positive behavior

Negative Reinforcement (Operant Technique)

behavior increases because a negative/aversive stimulus is removed (i.e., remove shock)

Positive Punishment (Operant Technique)

presentation of undesirable stimulus following a behavior for the purpose of decreasing or eliminating that behavior (i.e., spanking)

Negative Punishment (Operant Technique)

removal of a desirable stimulus following a behavior for the purpose of decreasing or eliminating that behavior (i.e., time out)

Aversion Therapy

behavioral treatment aimed at reducing the attractiveness of a stimulus or behavior by pairing it with an aversive stimulus (i.e., treating alcoholism with Antabuse)

Biofeedback

behavior training program that teaches a person how to control certain functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, and muscle tension; often used for ADHD and Anxiety Disorders

Extinction

withholding a reinforcer that normally follows a behavior; behavior that fails to produce reinforcement will eventually cease

Flooding

a treatment procedure in which a client's anxiety is extinguished by prolonged real or imagined exposure to high-intensity feared stimuli

In Vivo Desensitization

pairing and movement through a hierarchy of anxiety, from least to most anxiety provoking situations; takes place in "real" settings

Modeling (Behaviorism)

method of instruction that involves an individual (the model) demonstrating a behavior to be acquired by a client

Rational Emotive Therapy (RET)

a cognitively-oriented therapy which seeks to change a client's irrational beliefs by argument, persuasion, and rational reevaluation and by teaching them to counter self-defeating thinking with new, nondistressing self-statements

Shaping (Behaviorism)

method used to train a new behavior by prompting and reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior

Systematic Desensitization

pairs anxiety-producing stimulus with a relaxation-producing response (compliment, gift), since an anxiety-inhibiting response cannot occur at the same time as the anxiety response

Token Economy

a client receives tokens as reinforcement for performing specified behaviors; these function as currency and can be exchanged for goods, services, or privileges

Sexuality in infants and toddlers

babies are sexual in utero (males can have erections in the uterus) and will rub their genitals before they can walk because it is pleasurable; children can experience orgasm; by age 2, most children understand anatomical sex differences

Sexuality in children (age 3-7)

preschool children are very curious about bodies and enjoy physical contact; imitating adult behavior (holding hands, kissing, playing house); sex play is normal at this age (looking at genitals, playing doctor)

Sexuality in preadolescence (age 8-12)

puberty begins and children become more modest and self-conscious about their bodies; masturbation increases but the idea of sexual intercourse remains unpleasant for most; same-gender sexual experiences are normal and not necessarily indicative of sexual orientation; group dating is common; may have experiences of "making out", heavy petting, and oral sex

Sexuality in adolescence (age 13-19)

increased interest in romantic and sexual relationships, including intercourse; most adolescents explore relationships, fall in and out of love, and have sex before the age of 20

Adult sexuality

women experience menopause around age 50; sex may become uncomfortable due to physical changes in the vagina (these can be mitigated with lubricant and estrogen therapy); men are less able to achieve erections and have less ejaculate; men should have prostate exams for cancer; even among the very old, the need for touch and intimacy remains

Ethnicity

the idea that one is a member of a particular cultural, national, or racial group that may share culture, religion, race, language, or place or origin

Race

a term of cultural classification (today based mainly on skin color and other physiological markers) that has changed over time; related to a particular social, historical, and geographic context; race used to be based on ethnicity or nationality, religion, or minority language groups

Culture

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next through interaction, customs, language, religion, and media

Stage Model for Cultural & Ethnic Identity Development

1. unexamined identity, in which ideas are uncritically accepted

2. identity search, in which ideas are explored and questioned and there is increased awareness of other cultures

3. identity achievement, in which people have a clear sense of their own identity as well as acceptance of others

Status Model for Cultural & Ethnic Identity Development

1. Preencounter

2. Encounter

3. Immersion-Emersion

4. Internalization & Commitment

Preencounter (Ethnic Identity Development)

at this point, one may not be consciously aware of his or her culture, race, or ethnicity and how it may affect his or her life

Encounter (Ethnic Identity Development)

one has a positive or negative experience which provokes thought about the role of culture, ethnicity, or race (minorities typically experience discrimination)

Immersion-Emersion (Ethnic Identity Development)

a period of exploration and learning, often through interaction with others from the same cultural, racial, or ethnic groups

Internalization & Commitment (Ethnic Identity Development)

a secure sense of identity in which one is comfortable socializing both within and outside of one's cultural groups

Medical vs. Social Model of Disability

medical model - disability is abnormal and a problem that should be solved

social model - disability is a normal part of the human experience which social institutions and norms should accommodate

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

physiological, safety, social (love and belonging), esteem, self-actualization

Physiological Needs (Maslow)

food, water, air, body temperature regulation, sleep, elimination, health

Safety Needs (Maslow)

safety, security, stability, predictability

Social Needs (Maslow)

affection, belonging, acceptance, love, intimacy, companionship, and friendship

Esteem Needs (Maslow)

achievement, competence, efficacy, worth, freedom, independence, recognition, and respect

Self-Actualization Needs (Maslow)

personal growth, creativity, contribution, meaning, meeting one's full potential

Deficiency Needs (Maslow)

also known as deficiency needs or D-needs; arise due to lack; satisfying these basic needs helps to avoid unpleasant feelings or consequence

Growth Needs (Maslow)

also known as being needs or B-needs; self actualization; fall highest level on pyramid; come from place of growth rather than lack

Attachment Theory (John Bowlby)

posits that children are biologically predisposed to develop attachments to caregivers as a means of increasing the chances of their own survival

Secure Attachment

when caregivers respond quickly and effectively to a child's needs, the child learns to self-soothe by relying on caregiver; as adults, these people are comfortable in relationships and seek support when they need it

Ambivalent (Anxious/Preoccupied) Attachment

when caregivers provide inconsistent care, some children cry and are difficult to console; as adults, these people are insecure and need reassurance

Avoidant Attachment

when caregivers provide inconsistent care, some children learn that it is pointless to cry; as adults, these people are emotionally cut off and overly independent

Disorganized Attachment

when caregivers are abusive or neglectful, the child is overwhelmed by constantly changing emotions and unmet needs; as adults, these people may have personality disorders where they both crave intimacy and reject it

Biological Theory of Personality

suggests that genetics are responsible for personality based on heritability research

Behavioral Theories of Personality

suggests that personality is a result of interaction between the individual and their environment (measurable, observable interaction)

Psychodynamic Theory of Personality

emphasize the importance of the unconscious mind and early childhood experiences

Humanist Theories of Personality

emphasize the importance of free will and individual experience, as well as self-actualization

Trait Theories of Personality

posits that personality are made up of a collection of broad, relatively stable behavioral predispositions

Conflict Theories

social theories derived from Karl Marx positing that society is fragmented into groups that compete for social and economic resources

According to conflict theory, social order is maintained by...

consensus among those with the greatest political, economic, and social resources

According to conflict theory, inequality exists because...

those in control of a disproportionate share of society's resources actively defend their advantages

Conflict theorists generally...

challenge the status quo, encourage social change, and believe rich and powerful people force social order on the poor and weak; they also tend to pay great attention to class, race, gender, etc.

self-image

a person's mental picture of him or herself (physical, personal, beliefs, etc.)

self-esteem

the extent to which a person accepts or approves of his or her self-image

Self-esteem through the lifespan

Childhood - starts high and gradually declines

Adolescence - continued decline

Adulthood - gradual increase

Older Adulthood - sharp decline

body image

the way we perceive and relates to our body, and how we think we are seen (this is influenced by parents, peers, media, and culture)

Authoritarian Parenting

strict rules given without reasoning and enforced by harsh punishment; generally leads to people being obedient and proficient, but unhappy and with poor self-esteem

Authoritative Parenting

guidelines are responsive to children's questioning and input; when expectations are not met, parents remain nurturing and supportive, emphasizing forgiveness; leads to people being happy and capable

Permissive Parenting

very few limits or demands; generally nurturing and communicative; a friend rather than a parent; leads to people being unhappy and unable to self-regulate, problems with authority and low performance

Uninvolved Parenting

parents may fulfill children's basic needs, but are generally detached from their lives; leads to very poor outcomes across all life domains