cell bio 2nd part to first test

describe the basic structure of an aton, include charge and location of primary components

an atom has a nucleus that has protons (+) and neutrons inside of it and on the outside, there are electrons (-)

describe how to determine the atomic number and mass of an element

the atomic number is how many protons an element has in the nucleus

mass is the number of protons and neutrons added together

describe isotopes and radioisotopes and explain how they can be useful for biologists

isotopes- is elements that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

radioisotopes- are isotopes where the nuclei are unstable and emit radiation

it is useful for biologists because it can help medical imaging or carbon dating

describe electron shells and orbitals

shells are like layers around the nucleus and the first one holds 2 electrons, the 2nd one holds 8 electrons, third shell can hold even more, they fill inside out

orbitals are subspaces in each shell where electrons live, each can hold 2 electrons

describe a chemical reaction, including reversable and irreversible reactions

describe the octet rule and explain why elements do not exist as a pure form in nature

the octet rule is the electrons fill shells till there was 8 electrons and are stable

they want to fill up and become stable as quick as possible, so they don’t stay pure in nature

describe polar covalent, nonpolar covalent, ionic and hydrogen bonds as well as van der Waals interactions, provide an example of each

polar covalent- electrons shared unequally, becomes slightly negative

nonpolar covalent-

ionic-

hydrogen-

van der waals-

describe the six properties of water and explain why water has these properties

density- it gives water a stable predictable mass per volume and how it behaves in nature ?

heat capacity- absorbs excess heat in reactions

heat vaporization- allows us to be able to cool down (liquid-gas)

solvent- dissolves solutes to make a solution (polar only)

cohesion- like materials stick to itself able to move water from root to flower

adhesion- water sticking to other things that are charged

describe the pH scale, including the differences between acids bases and neutral substances

the pH scale measures how acidic or basic a substance is

0-6=acidic: have more hydrogen ions

7=neutral: balanced

8-14= basic: have more hydroxide ions

describe how a buffer can regulate the pH explain the importance of them in a biological system

a buffer keeps pH stable by absorbing extra acids or bases, it uses a weak acid and its conjugate base *

describe why carbon is the essential atom for life

it can build 4 strong bonds making it flexible, it can build complex shapes for DNA and proteins, and the bonds are stable enough to store energy

describe structural isomers, geometrical isomers and enantiomers and explain their impact on biological system

structural isomers have same atoms but connected in different orders= different functions

geometrical isomers- same connections, different arrangement around double bonds= different shapes

enantiomers- mirror images- biology may only use one

describe the types and importance of functional groups

they are small clusters of atoms that are attached to molecules that change how the molecule behaves

this matters to understand how molecules react, dissolve in water, store energy and form structures, without them molecules couldn’t do the jobs life depends on