apush all vocabulary terms +saq, dbq, and leq example prompts with answers. also contains summaries and main ideas of each era.

Period 1

1491-1607

Period 1 Vocabulary Terms for class

Juan de Onateterm

Juan de Oñate, (born 1550?, New Spain—died 1630), conquistador who established the colony of New Mexico for Spain. During his despotic governorship, he vainly sought the mythical riches of North America and succeeded instead in unlocking the geographical secrets of what is now the southwestern United States.

Spanish Mission System

The system of Spain to expand Christianity to the Americas. As a result, Catholic missions were built on the Americas.

Sugar

One of the first cash crops that were in the Americas. Would be commonly in the Caribbean and Barbados.

Silver

Significant resource in which motivated the Spanish to conquer the Americas. Would be found in Bolivia, Peru, and Mexico.

Corn

More commonly known as "maize" in the Americas, this resource fueled certain regions of the Americas. This is seen through Central, South, and Southwest America in the Aztecs, Incan, Mayan, and Pueblos which embodied maize cultivation into their societies.

Potatoes

Was a cash crop in the Americas. Potatoes in particular had high calories which allowed the European population to increase dramatically through the Columbian exchange.

Horses

Animal. Introduced by the Europeans to the Americas which benefited nomadic tribes such as those in the Great Basin and Great Plains. Hunters could now use horses to better hunt animals.

Cows

Animal. Introduced to the Americas from Europe through the Columbian Exchange.

Sextant

Instrument for determining the angle between the horizon and a celestial body such as the Sun, the Moon, or a star, used in celestial navigation to determine latitude and longitude.

Joint-Stock Companies

Used to support colonization in the Americas by the English. Process where all investors would pinch in the funding of the exploration and if exploration was unsuccessful, all investors would endure the losses. Vice versa when successful.

Juan de Gines de Sepulveda

Theologist, Spaniard who supported the Spanish Empire's right of conquest and colonization in the New World. He also argued in favor of the Christianize of Native Americans. Spanish renaissance humanist, philospher, and theologian.

Bartolome de Las Casas

Bartolomé de Las Casas, (born 1474 or 1484, Sevilla?, Spain—died July 1566, Madrid), early Spanish historian and Dominican missionary who was the first to expose the oppression of indigenous peoples by Europeans in the Americas and to call for the abolition of slavery there.

Encomienda System

Labor system that was used within the Americas by the Spanish. In this system, a Spanish encomendero was granted a number of native laborers who would pay tributes to him in exchange for his protection.

Maroon communities in Brazil and Caribbean

The institution of slavery was threatened when large groups of Africans escaped to geographically secluded regions to form runaway slave communities, often referred to as maroon communities. In other words, just escaped slaves who formed runaway slave communities in the Americas.

Christianity and traditional African religions

African slaves interacted with the Spanish through religious fusion. They would combine Christianity with religions of West Africans which showed how slaves at the time found ways preserve their culture despite the tyrannical approach of the Spanish.

Pueblo

Located in the Southwest. Had dry weather which allowed clay houses and houses built under mountains. Used maize cultivation in their society. Northeastern Arizona and northwestern New Mexico.

Chinook

Northwest Indians. Were famous as traders, with connections stretching as far as the great plains. Canoe building, wood carving and basket weaving. They ate salmon. More ocean based like tribe. Lived in plank houses.

Iroquouis

Consisted of 5 tribes prior to European colonization. Their society serves as an outstanding example of political and military organization, complex lifestyle, and an elevated role of women. They lived in longhouses. Consisted of hunters who hunted for deer, rabbit, turkey, bear, and beaver. Lived near lake Ontario which is todays New York. Iroquois confederacy is formed from these 5 tribes. Cultivated crops like the pueblos so they were also farmers.

Algonquian

Lived in the dense forest regions of the valley of the Ottawa River and its tributaries in present-day Quebec and Ontario, Canada. The Algonquian were among the first North American natives to strike alliances with the French. Lived in longhouses. They had a VARIETY of what they ate. The men hunted moose, caribou, beaver, otter, and other small animals. The women gathered nuts, greens, and berries. The women grew corn, beans, and squash. Patriarchy is seen to some extent.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. Can be used to explain the start of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, Triangle Trade, and Spanish conquest as Columbus was the first to discover the New World. Founded due to the support of the Spanish Crown by Ferdinand and Isabella. Founding's of the New World were taken back to Europe and motivated them to go on and conquest the Americas.

Smallpox

Disease that was present within the columbian exchange. Smallpox was brought to the Americas by Europeans due to a Spanish ship containing an infected African slave.

Mestizo

Person of a combined European and Indigenous American ancestry. Part of Spain's casta system within the Americas and the hierarchy that was created. Also helps explain that Europeans created marriages with Native Americans in order to create better relationships. Marriage is really only significantly seen through the Spanish.

Zambo

It is a Spanish and Portuguese expression referring to people of mixed Indigenous and African ancestry.

Ute people

One of the groups that lived within the Great Basin/Great Plains region in which they were nomadic.

West Coast

The West Coast was more permanently settled because it had an abundance of fish, crops, and small game.

Chumash

Tribe that was within what is present day California. Participated in trade networks up and down the coast.

Mississipi River Valley

Contained rich soils which allowed farming. They also participated in trade networks up and down their rivers.

Cahokia

Tribe located within the Mississipi River Valley. Had a centralized government led by a powerful chiefdom.

Change in Europe

European was undergoing political unification and becoming governed by monarchs.

Search for trade in Asia - Shift to maritime exploration

Upper class Europeans wanted a taste a wealth and because of that they wanted to trade with Asia, which contained lucrative spices. However, the land route to Asia was occupied Muslims so they went towards the sea to find an Eastern route to Asia.

Shift from Feudalism to Capitalism

As Europe began extracting wealth from the Americas, their system of feudalism was changed to capitalism, further giving rise to the development of Join-Stock Companies.

Period 1 Topics ->

Native American Societies BEFORE 1492 [APUSH Unit 1 Topic 2] 1.2

*Before the arrival of Europeans, regions were primarily different because their environments. For example, some regions were dry and others were close to the ocean and some were ideal for hunting.

*Aztecs and Mayans are in Central America. Aztec establishes Tenochtitlan as their capital and has a a large and complex society with a written language, irrigation systems, and sacrifice practice. Mayas also had a large and complex society with large stone temples and irrigation systems.

*Inca empire is established in South America. This empire was massive. Success for the Incan empire was the cultivation of fertile mountain valley and other crops through the complex systems of irrigation.

*All these empires (Aztecs, Mayas, Incas) relied on Maize cultivation.

*Maize plays an important role in developing societies throughout Native America

*Southwest America has the Pueblos people. They were sedimentary, meaning they did not move. They relied on maize cultivation, built clay houses both normally and under cliffs.

*Great Basin and Great Plains is more nomadic, and they move more. An example of these types of people is the Ute tribe. They hunted the buffalo and lived in small houses in which could be moved easily, such as teepees.

*Pacific Northwest is comprised of the Chinook people. Since it was closer to the sea, they relied more on fishing for food. Lived in plank houses.

Chumash people live down California and participate in trade up and down the coast.

*Mississippi river valley people had fertile soils and were larger societies. An example of a tribe was the Hopewell people and the Cahokia people. Because of these peoples, they were primarily sedentary and relied heavily on agriculture. Cahokia was led by chiefdoms who participated in trade from the great lakes all the way down to the gulf of Mexico.

*Northeast is comprised of the Iroquois. They made up a large society and relied on beans, corn, and squash. Lived in longhouses.

European Exploration in the AMERICAS [APUSH Unit 1 Topic 3] 1.3

*Reasons for European exploration:

Population increases due to the black death. Europe becomes more politically unified with centralized governments led by monarchs. Finally, upperclass wanted Asian luxury goods.

*Europe wants to trade with Asia, but they cannot get there by land because of the controlled Muslim trading routes. Trading through these paths would be costly due to taxation from the Muslims. Therefore, Europe wanted to find a sea-based route to Asia.

*Portugal was the first European country to do this. Led by Prince Henry the Navigator, he led Portugal all the way down the Coast of Africa and established trading ports on that coast. They became known as a Trading-Post Empire. Were primarily successful due to new and improved maritime technologies such as the stern rudder, the astrolabe, the caravel, mapping technologies, etc. Eventually became successful in the Indian Ocean Trade.

*Upon seeing the success of the Portuguese, Spain decides to become involved. After unifying Spain under the Catholic Christian banner and gaining control of the Iberian coast from the Muslims, Isabella and Ferdinand decide to fund Christopher Columbus on his maritime exploration so that he could attempt to find a western routes to Asia.

*Columbus landed on the Caribbean. Columbus sees that the Americas are rich, and he brings valuable items such as gold and people back to Spain to show that there was much significance in the New World.

The COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE, Spanish Exploration, and Conquest [APUSH Unit 1 Topic 4] 1.4

*Columbian Exchange is the transfer of food, animals, disease, minerals, and people between Africa, Europe, and the Americas.

*Tenochtitlan becomes conquered by Hernan Cortes which was highly significant because Tenochtitlan outnumbered the Spanish Army. The only reason that the Spanish army won was because of the spread of smallpox that killed the majority of the native society.

*Americas had no immunity to the European disease because they were isolated. Therefore, they suffered from massive deaths which allowed Europe to easily conquer the Americas, but also led to them brining enslaved Africans as native workforce would massively decrease.

*Americas to Europe: Maize, Tomatoes, Potatoes, Cacao, Tobacco. Europe to Americas: Rice, Wheat, Soybeans, Rye, Oats, Lemons, Oranges, Horses, Pigs, Cattle, Chickens.

*After the Incan and Aztecs were conquered, Spain plundered them for their gold and silver which made Spain very wealthy.

*It transformed western Europe highly. Before, the socioeconomical system was comprised of Feudalism. After the wealth that was created from gold and silver from the Americas, western Europe became changed towards a system of capitalism.

*African Slaves were exchanged to the Americas through the middle passage in which most died to diseases before arriving.

*Spanish colonization was driven by the state and mercantilist economic policies.

*Other nations would privatize exploration through joint-stock companies.

Labor, Slavery, and Caste in Spanish America [APUSH Unit 1 Topic 5] 1.5

*Europeans become involved in the African Slave Trade. Usually, slaves were prisoners of war.

*Europeans began establishing ports along the coast of west Africa such as Biafra. On these ports, they traded guns in exchange for slaves.

*Europeans developed ideas in which justified and purchase and use of African slaves, such as using biblical concepts.

*Spain adopts the encomienda system in the Americas as the system of labor. It was based on Encomenderos getting granted land and through the natives that lived on that land, were required to perform labor for them. Was justified under Christianity. This is primarily seen through the Isabella and Ferdinand issuing a legal document called the requiremento, which in it the pope granted the spanish monarchs to claim lands in the americas and to try to convert whoever they found there and to do these conversions they had to send priests. If natives submitted to conversions under these priests, they received protection but if they did not, they would be either subjugated or killed.

*Encomienda system was not so effective because the spread of disease had killed so much of the Native society and to add to that, the Natives knew the land far greater than the Spanish so runaway laborers became inevitable. To fix this problem, Spain used African Slaves because they were immune to European disease and they did not know the land of the Americas so well.

*Influx of silver enriches Europe

*Through Spain's conquer of the New World, they create a caste system in order to organize taxation.

Order of the caste system: peninsulares-cirollos-mestizos-mulattos-Africans-native Americans

Cultural Interactions Between Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans [APUSH Review Unit 1.6]

*Spanish had the hegemony meaning that they had control of the Natives.

*Spain sends missionaries to the Americas to convert people to Christianity and this is known as the mission system.

*Differences between Spain and the Natives:

Spain: Catholic, believed that land existed for private ownership, and focused on a nuclear family.

Natives: Pantheists/Animists meaning they believed in spiritual ideas, they believed land was not a commodity which basically means that it was meant for public use and should not be privatized for the sake of wealth, and established kinship networks of up to 70 people.

*Natives wanted tools, horses, and guns from the Europeans. Europeans made marriages with native american women in order to secure trading rights in the fur trade in North America (French primarily did this).

*Spain wanted to completely convert Natives as their religion required the exclusion of all other religions and only focus on Catholicism. Upon doing this to the pueblo people in New Mexico, they resisted and responded with violence in what is known as the Pueblo Revolt. In the revolt, Natives burned churches and killed spanish.

*While some supported the conquer of the Americas, others rejected it and a man who held this view was Bartalome de las Casas. He argued that if Spain kept colonizing the Americas, there souls would be lost to Christianity. Was also against the encomienda system. However, he was not opposed to the use of African Slaves.

Period 2

1607-1754

Period 2 Vocabulary terms for class

Beaver Wars

Iroquois along with other Native tribes against the French and Algonquins. The wars started due to Iroquois Confederacy wanting to extend their territory to gain more access to stock of beaver so that they could trade arms and goods with the Europeans. Also happened because they wanted to monopolize the fur trad and trade between European markets.

Chickasaw Wars

Fought in the 18th century. It was a conflict between the Chickasaw allied with the British against the French and their allies the Choctaws and Illinois Confederation. It was caused due to the English government using Chicksaw-English relations to weaken Frances hold on the Mississippi river and thus threatening its entire north american empire.

Cereal Crops

Wheat, rice, corn, rye, oats, barley, sorghum, and some of the millets are common cereals. Would be found in the Middle colonies.

New England Colonies

Established primarily to escape religious persecution. Small towns. Had family farms. Mixed economy because it was both agricultural and commerce. Merchants, shipbuilding, whaling, etc. Slavery did exist but on a smaller scale. More likely to see families in this region and also had a higher life expectancy. Massachusetts was dominated by Puritans (John Winthrop). Wanted to establish a "city upon a hill". They were not religiously tolerant (if you did not follow the way of the Puritians you could be exiled). Roger Williams gets kicked out of Massachusetts for doing this and sets up the colony of Rhode Island in which he establishes religious toleration, separation of the church and the state, and political democracy. New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut were the New England colonies.

Government: Embodied the Mayflower Compact which passed just and equal laws for the general good of the colony of Plymouth and allowed the idea of self-governance within Plymouth and had an elected legislature. They also had town meetings which are public forums that promote participation in local governance, enabling residents to share their opinions on public issues while engaging in deliberation and democratic decision-making processes regarding laws and budgets.

Chesapeake Colonies

These were the colonies of Virginia and Maryland. Had rich soil and temperature climates which made large-scale plantation farming possible. Had an agricultural based economy and relied on tobacco, indigo, and cotton for trade. People moved a lot (settlements were temporary). Virginia would be founded by the Virginia company which would first find Jamestown. Maryland was founded as a proprietary colony based on a grant to Cecillius Calvert. Both were founded for economic reasons, which was tobacco cultivation. They did not have a unifying religion, it was diverse as it contained Catholicism, Anglicanism, Quakerism, and other Christian religion.

Government: Had a governor and a council appointed by the crown, and an assembly or house of representatives that was elected by the people. It had the House of Burgesses which granted supplies and originated laws.

Southern Colonies

The Southern colonies were Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. Relied on tobacco cultivation for the economy. The southern colonies were the ones who mostly participated in slavery. The Southern colonies elected their own government. They had a governer, the governers council, and court. Had an elected assembly. Reason for establishing the colonies was for tobacco cultivation. Anglican was the main religion.

Government: Had a governor and a council appointed by the crown, and an assembly or house of representatives that was elected by the people. It had the House of Burgesses which granted supplies and originated laws.

Middle Colonies

The middle colonies included Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, and Delaware. Economy consisted of primarily agriculture as they contained numerous farms containing grains and oats (named the breadbasket colonies because they made so much food). They also made money through trading goods in major market towns. The middle colonies had a mixture of religions which included Quakers (who founded Pennsylvania), Catholics, Lutherans, a few Jews, and others. William Penn finds Pennsylvania due to charter given by King Charles II. Government consisted of it being democratic and elected their own legislatures (guaranteed elective assembly - representative democracy). Charters of liberties was present (freedom of worship, open immigration). They were religiously tolerant to some extent. Used slaves. The colonies were created in order to gain wealth from their fertile soils giving rise to crops.

Government: democratic and elected their own legislatures. The governments were proprietary meaning they governed land granted by the King.

Tobacco

Cash crop that was mostly present in the south. It's increase leads increase in indentured servitude and later African slaves due to bacons rebellion revealing that these servants could rebel and the disease that was given upon the colonies by Europeans.

African chattel

Chattel slavery is a specific servitude relationship where the slave is treated as the property of the owner.

West indies

The West Indies is a subregion of North America, surrounded by the North Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea that includes 13 independent island countries and 18 dependencies and other territories in three major archipelagos: the Greater Antilles, the Lesser Antilles, and the Lucayan Archipelago. This region included sugar for cultivation which would be facilitated through African slavery.

the Carolinas (rice)

Primary export and had a high value. Located in the south.

Barbados (sugar)

Barbados. The Sugar Revolution, as it is called, had momentous social, economic, and political consequences. The elite in Barbados chose a form of sugar production that yielded the greatest level of profit—but at great social cost.

Indentured servitude

Men and women signed a contract in exchange for a passage after a number of years that pass by.

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Pueblo Revolt

Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt. The reason behind the revolt was because of Spain attempting to remove the culture of the pueblos through forced conversion of Christianity.

Anglicization

The colonial american desire to emulate English society, including English taste in foods, customs, and architecture

Enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions. Would later serve as the essential foundation for the independence of the colonies.

Fur Trade

Fur trade was desired upon by the French.

English colonization

The colonization of the Americas by the English which is divided into four sections: new England, middle, southern, and Chesapeake. Each area had different climates and geography which determined their economies and had nuance in why they were established (example some were because of religious persecution and others were because of potential profits).

Indian hostility with the English

Prejudice that the Indians felt when the English came to colonize the Americas.

Atlantic Slave Trade

West African slaves are taken and transported to the Americas (middle passage), where they are then use to work in plantations under either British or Spanish rule. Usually, these slaves would be prisoners of war within Africa and Europeans would sell guns to the sellers within Africa.

Resistance to slavery (rebellion, sabotage, escape)

There are many ways in which slaves showed resistance towards their owners. We see through the establishment of maroon communities in Brazil (run away slaves who established their own societies), working slowly, damaging tools, and rebellion which can be seen through Nat Turner's rebellion in Virginia, which they killed between 55 and 65 people.

Period 2 Topics ->

EUROPEAN Colonization in the Americas [APUSH Review Unit 2 Topic 2] Period 2: 1607-1754

*European colonialism opens up to the French, Dutch, and the British.

*French Colonial Efforts: at first were not interested in colonizing the Americas and rather were interested in finding a western route to Asia. However, French find potential in American colonization so as a result, Samuel de Champlain establishes Quebec. French had a greater interest in trade, especially the fish and fur trade rather than conquest. As a result, to the interest of trade, French colonizers married Natives people so that they could gain kinship ties to the various trading networks in North America. This relation is seen through the French and Ojibwe people, even going as far as to creating alliances like the French did with the Algonquians. Native Americans benefited the French by providing beaver pelts and the French benefited the Native Americans by providing iron cook wear, tools, and manufactured cloth.

Dutch Colonial Efforts: wanted a western water route to Asia but were not successful. Led by Henry Hudson. He arrived on the New World and claimed a colony for the Dutch known as New Amsterdam. Goals of the Dutch were primarily economic with the establishment of New Amsterdam facilitating this by providing trade for fisherman and farmers. They had no interest in converting the natives to protestant.

British Colonial Efforts: they wanted to colonize for economic reasons. Because of the costly wars against France and the Irish, the wealth of the nobles began to diminish, thus giving rise to New World colonialism. Not only were nobles affected by this but so were peasants because of the enclosure movement which took their land and gave it to privateers. As a result, they wanted economic ties outside of Europe and wanted land. Religious freedom due to religious persecution was also a motivation for British colonization. The British sent out as family groups which was largely different between the French and Dutch. English did at first respect Indians; relations would change due to the Native population challenging British encroachment. largely significant is the British relation on how they treated natives, they wanted to exclude them rather than to convert them into their religions.

he Regions of the BRITISH COLONIES [APUSH Review Unit 2 Topic 3] 2.3

*From region to region, British colonization was very different.

*Chesapeake region: first region established which was Jamestown and was financed under a joint-stock company. The purpose of establishing this colony was to gain profits. Upon the beginning of their arrival, famine and disease kills a lot of the British. They soon discover the cultivation of tobacco by John Rolph. Most of the labor done in this region was done through indentrured servitude.

*For the cultivation of tobacco, British needed more land which meant to increase encroachment of Native American land. As a result of encroachment on their land, the Natives retaliated by raiding the farmers settlements. As a result, the colonists called for the assistance of William Berkely, but he decided that his efforts were not worth it. As a result, one of those affected farmers named Nathanial Bacon who was a virgina settler led other poor farmers and indentured servants to fight against the native americans and then against the plantations owned by William Berkely himself. This is very significant as elite agricultural owners now saw that indentured servants could create uprisings, so they decided to use enslaved Africans.

*New England Colonies: settled by pilgrims which meant puritans. They primarily wanted religious freedom but also wanted economic opportunity. Shipbuilding and fishing. They came in family groups. They came to create a society and economy based on family farmers. Was rough like the south with fever and disease killing a lot of the population. Developed into a agriculure and commerce region.

British West Indies/Southern Atlantic Coast: British established colonies on the Caribbean like Barbados. Sugarcane became the primary agricultural product. Sugarcane was very labor intensive so it required a lot of African slaves. As a result, most of the barbados for example was black. They enacted slave codes within this region and referred to black Africans as chattel. It inspired the South to do similar things.

*Middle Colonies: new york and new jersey. Situated by the sea and were surroundered by rivers and streams and therefore developed an economy based on cereal crops. Had a diverse society which eventually became unequal to an emerging elite class. Hierarchy order goes as follows: urban merchants, artisans and shopkeepers, unskilled laborers - orphans - widows - unemployed, and enslaved Africans. Pennsylvania is founded by William Penn who is a quaker and pacifist. In pennsylvania religous freedom was recognized by all. When extending their territory, they negotiated with Native society which was contrary to what the new england and chesepeake colonies did.

*One continuity between all these british colonial regions was their use of democratic governments. They were largely models of democratic self governance. For example in Virginia you had the House of Burgesses which was a representative assembly which could levy taxes and pass laws. In new england, the pilgrims signed the mayflower compact which modeled their government on the model of a self governing church congregation and was facilitated by town meetings.

*Middle and southern colonies also had representative bodies but they were dominated by the elite. In the middle colonies, elite merchants ran the legislator and in the south, elite planters ran the legislator.

Trans-Atlantic TRADE [APUSH Unit 2 Topic 4] 2.4

*Triangular trade is developed. Process goes as follows: New England colonies would trade rum in exchange for slaves in West Africa, these slaves would then go through the middle passage towards the British west indies were they traded these slaves for sugarcane, the sugarcane would be taken back to the new england colonies and be traded for rum and this process cycled.

*Middle passage was horrific for West African slaves. British parliament passed the slave trade act which limited the number of slaves that could be held on the ship and even with that act, the conditions were horrible.

*Mercantilism drove this entire trans-Atlantic trade system. Mercantilism believed that there was a fixed amount of wealth in the world because it was measured in gold and silver. Wanted to do more exports than imports. Because of mercantilism, colonies were made which had several benefits. First, it gave nations to more natural resources which were not present in the mother country and also gave space to establish markets. Britian wanted to make sure that they could maximize this mercantilist idea and gain the most gold and silver through the passage of the navigation acts. These acts required merchants to engage in trade with English colonies exclusively in English ships, and valuable trade items were required to pass exclusively through British ports (where they were taxed).

*Trans-Atlantic trade generated massive wealth for the elites of society, and transformed Americas sea ports into massive urban centers. Because of all this wealth, it caused the consumer revolution which meant that individuals were buying more goods.

Interactions Between AMERICAN INDIANS and EUROPEANS [APUSH Review Unit 2 Topic 5] 2.5

*As previously said, Spain had a subjugated view of colonization of the Americas. For example, establishment of the caste system to identify taxation measures, conquer of tenochitlan and changing the captital to santa fe while also putting harsh measures to christian conversion led to the pueblo revolt (spain returned and eventually reclaimed santa fe).

*As spain arrived the Americas, they landed on large empires such as the aztecs and the incas which meant that they imposed large labor systems onto those regions (encomienda system). However, the English settled in regions where there was no massive empires, thus they did not impose large labor systems. Furthermore, English came in families and did get involved in intermarriage like the Spain and the French. At first England coexisted peacefully with the natives but that changed later with English encroachment causing Metacom's war (king Phillips war) (Chief Phillip was chief of the Wampanoag Indians). Because of this resistance, the British called upon their Indian allies known as the Mohawks and the resistance became squashed.

*Spanish subjugated the Native Society whereas the English excluded them.

*French were less invasive. They saw native Americans as allies and trading partners. Maintained good relationships and even got involved in intermarriage in order to establish trading rights. They established trading posts in order to facilitate the fur trade. French even allied militarily with native groups such as the Huroy against other native tribes such as the Iroquois.

*Because permanent European settlement had now become the reality for these natives, they either tried to create relationships with these Europeans in order to ensure a greater chance of survival or moved to non colonized territories, which in the end did not have so much of an impact as others would eventually encroach westward for example.

Colonial SOCIETY and CULTURE [APUSH Review Unit 2 Topic 7 (2.7)] Period 2—1607-1754

*Enlightenment: emphasized rational thinking over against traditional and religious revelation. The enlightenment were present in the Brtitish colonies because of the trans atlantic print culture which spread enlightentment thinkers ideas to british americans.

*John Locke: developed two treatises of government which awakened the people of the colonies to natural rights. Other thinkers like Russeau etc had thought of a government system where three branches exist in order to create a balance of power and system of checks and balances. Furthermore, they also emphasized the social contract which said that the people of the government gave up some of their rights in exchange for protection. If government failed, people had the right to abolish the government.

*Enlightenment also undermined the authority of the bible and further the church. Enlightentment emphasized that was it is knowable comes from experience and senses and therefore scietific inquiry is where the authority lies. However, th bible claims that was is knowable comes from God and this further becomes less of belief with the spread of these enlightenment ideals. As a result to this diminish in biblical beliefs, something occurs that revives these ideals. vvvvvvvvv

*1st Great Awakening: religous revivial held by preachers known as new light clergy and some were inspired by german pietism which favored emotion over thought. It was a massive christian revivial which promoted devotion and enthusiaism. Two men are responsible for this religous revivial: Jonathan Edwards and George Whitfield. Jonathan Edwards was a philopsher of natural science and his preaches combined enlightentment thought intensive religious fervor, one of his sermon was 'sinners in the hands of an angry God", he led the fire of the first great awakening. George Whitefield traveled to America from England where he had been part of the Methodist revival. Once in America, he traveled up and down the eastern seaboard preaching in chuches and in street corners and people enjoyed his preachings, in other words he was more responsible the spread of the first great awakening.

*As the first great awakening spread, it had social consequences. Emphasized the democratic tendencies in the bible especially the new testimony. These preachers gave colionists bibilical ballots to resist the tyranny of wealthy colonial officials. Furthermore, this awakening led to the lasting changes in the colonists attitudes towards the colonial authority.

*To sum, Enlighentment thinkers awakened american coloinists to ideas about democracy, liberty, and rights and the government. The first great awakening created a movement that bounded colonial society together and taught them to resist threats to democracy.

*Colonies become anglicized.

*Colonists become frustrated with the British through the practice of impressment however there are many other ways which are discussed in unit 3.

*Example of severity of impressment is seen through King George's War. It was war between British and Austria through the secession in Europe. As a result, George ordered a general impressment of Americans which set riots for three days straight. What this sets is the idea that colonists were becoming more awarded of the violation of their rights, a concept that will be essential in understanding the independence of these colonies.

SLAVERY in the British Colonies [APUSH Review Unit 2 Topic 6] Period 2: 1607-1754

*All of the British colonies participated and benefited from the African Slave Trade.

*Main reason for increase in African slavery was labor for agriculture and shortage of indentured servants and the less reliability of these indentured servants because of bacon's rebellion.

*New England use of enslaved Africans: farms were smaller and thus relied less on slavery.

*Middle colonies use of enslaved Africans: Larger use of slaves than New England. All of these major cities like New York held major ports which slaves were in to be seamen, dock workers, and blacksmiths. More slaves in this region to be servants as well.

*Chesapeake and Southern colonies use of enslaved Africans: Far more use of African slavery than the middle and new England colonies. This is because of the tobacco labor that was needed (plantation system).

*British west indies use of enslaved Africans: Greatest number for the use of enslaved Africans. Sugar labor.

*Chattel slavery was justified holding slaves as they were seen as objects or animals.

*Slave laws was followed by the Barbados and Virginia

-Legally defined African laborers as chattel

-Slavery was made a perpetual institution that was passed from one generation to the next

-These laws became harsher and harsher

-Made intermarriage illegal

*Enslaved Africans had resistance. Covert ways in which they resisted were through the following: practicing cultural customs from the homeland, maintaining belief systems, spoke native languages, kept naming practices from home, slowed the pace of work by breaking tools and damaging crops. Overt resistance, which refers to concepts such as violent rebellion, became a reality in what is known as the stono rebellion. The stono rebellion is when African slaves stole weapons from a store and killed plantation owners and burned crops.

*British told themselved that it was the merciful thing to do to bring people under their care (referring to slavery).

Period 3

1754-1800

Period 3 vocabulary for class

Seven Years War

Also known as the seven years war, was a conflict between the French and British Empire. It was fought over control of the Ohio River Valley.

French Revolution

The French Revolution was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in November 1799. They established the rights of man of citizen and was motivated by the American Revolution.

George Washington

1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799). Also was enforced by Virginia to lead the British army in control of the Ohio River Valley.

Washington's Farewell Address

Speech at the end of his presidency which urged Americans to not get involved in foreign affairs.

Thomas Paine

Wrote the common sense book which urged colonists to declare independence from the British. Thomas Paine was an English-born American political activist, philosopher, political theorist, and revolutionary.

Common Sense

Pamphlet which said that colonists should declare independence from Britain. This text allowed the spread of this sentiment.

American Revolution

This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy. Colonists gain independence from Britain. It is caused from the increasing control of the British on the colonists (taxation without representation), intolerable acts, proclamation of 1763, and more ways in which the British angered the colonists.

Deceleration of Independence

Written by Thomas Jefferson. Inspired by Enlightenment thought. Document which issued why the colonies ought to become independent and has a series of rights in which the revolution should include (unalienable and natural rights). Signed in Philadelphia.

Articles of Confederation

First constitution of the United States. It was primarily weak congress did not have the power to tax, no president, each state only had one vote in congress, congress did not have the power to regulate foreign and interstate commerce, power was largely held in the legislative branch so no executive or judicial branch was present. The only positive effect of the Articles was the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 which established a government for the Northwest territory, outlined the process of admitting a new state into the union, and guaranteed that newly created states would be equal to the original thirteen states.

Constitution

A document which spells out the principles by which a government runs and the fundamental laws that govern a society. First constitution was the Articles of Confederation. It was later ratified after the constitutional convention was held in philadelphia (federalists v. anti-federalists). Federalists wanted the ratification while anti-federalists did not. Was only ratified because federalists agreed to add a Bill of Rights that was proposed by the anti-federalists.

Bill of Rights

Proposed by the anti-federalists. First 10 amendments of the United States.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Enacted in 1787, it is considered one of the most significant achievements of the Articles of Confederation. It established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union on an equal footing with the original 13 states

Northwest Territory

a region of the United States bounded by the Ohio and Mississippi rivers and the Great Lakes. The region was given to the United States by the Treaty of Paris in 1783. Was affected by the Nortwest ordinance of 1787.

Republican Motherhood

The idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate "civic virtue" in their children.

Pontiac's rebellion

Led by chief Pontiac, was an uprising of Native Americans against the British rule in the Great Lakes region following the French and Indian War. They tried to drive British soldiers and settlers out of the region.

Proclamation of 1763

Established by the British government. Was aimed at alleviating tensions between the British and the Native Indians by not allowing colonists to settle past the Appalachian mountains.

Iroquois Confederation

Initially consisted of 5 tribes who were in close proximity of the Iroquois territory. The Iroquois Confederacy aimed to create an empire by incorporating subservient, conquered peoples. Played a strategic role in the struggle between the French and British for supremacy in North America.

Chief Little Turtle

Little Turtle was a Sagamore of the Miami people, who became one of the most famous Native American military leaders. Achieved fame during the turbulent period when the U.S. Congress launched a punitive campaign against the Indians who were raiding settlers in the Northwest Territory.

Western Confederacy

The confederacy, which had its roots in pan-tribal movements dating to the 1740s, came together in an attempt to resist the expansion of the United States into the Northwest Territory after Great Britain ceded the region to the United States in the Peace of Paris (1783).

Letters from a farmer in Pennsylvania

Written by Pennsylvania lawyer and legislator John Dickinson. It was meant to protest the Townshend Acts.

1st Great Awakening

The First Great Awakening was a period when spirituality and religious devotion were revived. This feeling swept through the American colonies between the 1730s and 1770s. Led by Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield.First Great Awakening paved the way for independence and the Constitution. Speaking about spiritual equality encouraged colonists to think more about the need for democracy in both church and state.

John Locke

Enlightenment philosopher who wrote of natural rights and inspired the writers of the Declaration of Independence.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy. Treatises and novels inspired the leaders of the French Revolution and the Romantic generation.

Adam Smith

Father of capitalism. Smith argued that by giving everyone freedom to produce and exchange goods as they pleased (free trade) and opening the markets up to domestic and foreign competition, people's natural self-interest would promote greater prosperity than with stringent government regulations. Invisible hand theory. Lasseiz faire economics (government does not interfere).

Tariff and Currency Disputes

Control of taxation and tariffs was left to the

states, and each state could issue its own currency. In disputes between

states Congress served as mediator and judge, but could not require a state

to accept its decisions.

Spanish restrictions on navigation of the Mississippi River

In June 1784 Spain closed the navigation of the Mississippi to Americans. Westerners were outraged and threatened war against Spain.

Kentucky and Virgina resolutions

Kentucky and Virginia legislatures took the position that the federal Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional. The resolutions argued that the federal government had no authority to exercise power not specifically delegated to it in the Constitution.

Hamilton's financial plan

Pay off all war debts, raise government revenues, create a national bank.