Anatomy final exam chapter 6: muscular system

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16 Terms

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4 characteristics of skeletal muscle

  1. Prefixes

    • Mus- little mouse

    • Myo- muscle

    • Sarco- flesh

  2. Nearly ½ of a body’s mass is skeletal muscle (40%)

  3. Essential function is contraction

  4. Muscles are machines

    → they pull on bones to create movement

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Epimysium

Tough, connective tissue covering of the muscle

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Fascicles

Bundles of muscle fibers that make up individual muscles

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Muscle fiber

Individual muscle cell

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Perimysium

Tough, fibrous connective tissue covering the fascicle

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Endomysium

Delicate connective tissue covering the muscle fiber

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Myofibril

Large ribbon like structures; extended end to end of muscle fiber

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Membrane potential

Difference in charge across a cell’s membranes

Like a tiny battery

Needed for nerves, muscles, and normal cell fxn

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Graded response

The strength of response can change

Happens in muscles and nerves

It depends on how much stimulation is sent like from a nerve is sent

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ATP and how it is broken down

ATP: Adenine, ribose, 3 phosphate groups

It gets broken down when the body needs energy

Important for muscle contraction

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3 ways ATP can be regenerated

  1. Direct phosphorylation of ADP and CP

  2. Aerobic respiration

  3. Anaerobic respiration + lactic acid fermentation

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Muscle fatigue

Occurs when

  • Muscles are excersized strenuously for a long time

  • Even though the cells are stimulated they can not contract bc a muscle can only do as much work as how much o2 is available

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Skeletal

  • Several nuclei

  • Movement is voluntary

  • Situations = yes

  • Shaped: single, long, cylindrical

  • O2 debt= yes

  • Fastest

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Cardiac

  • One nuclei

  • Involuntary

  • Striations = yes

  • Shaped: branching chains of cells connected

  • O2 debt = yes

  • Middle

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Smooth

  • One nuclei

  • Movement is involuntary

  • Striations = no

  • Shaped: Fusiformis (spindle shaped) tapered at both ends

  • O2 debt = no

  • Slowest

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Types of movement

  • Flexion: bones get closer, angle decreases

  • Extension: bones get father apart, angle increases

  • Abduction: Moving Away from middle

  • Adduction: Moving Towards middle

  • Circumduction: Combination of F/F, A/A in ball and socket joint

  • Rotation: movement around the longitudinal axis