Theory of Architecture ARCC (reviewer from prof)

1. Pre-Design Phase (PD)

2. Schematic Design Phase (SD)

3. Design Development Phase (DD)

4. Construction Documents Phase (CD)

5. Bidding & Negotiation Phase (BN)

6. Construction Observation/Contract

Administration Phase (CA)

7. Supplemental Services (SS)

Architectural Design Process

Pre-Design Phase

Takes place before the interior design process begins

Design Program

This is a written document that spells out the characteristics that the new building must have in order to satisfy the identified needs.

Project Goals

are high-level statements that provide the overall context for what the project is trying to accomplish.

Project Objectives

are concrete statements describing what the project is trying to achieve.

Design Concept

(the thought, the idea, model, theory, impression, perception, philosophy etc.) that went into the evolution of the project

Design Objectives

are statements containing specific aims in how a project shall be designed or planned.

Design Considerations

refer to the factors that may influence the achievement of a design objective/s (e.g. lush vegetation, traffic, social mores, population density, orientation, building character, beliefs, etc.)

Design Criteria

includes design principles necessary to create a functional and dynamic structures; standards, norms and conditions the proponent should meet in designing his/her project

Space List

the functional areas that are to be provided.

Sizes and Dimensions

the floor area and critical lengths and heights of the spaces.

Proximity Relationships

how close the spaces must be to each other and the type of access between them.

Fixtures and Fittings

detailed built-in features and equipment required to support the functions of the spaces.

Special Features

anything unusual that must be provided in order for the spaces to function properly.

Location

The site should be related to major streets or landmarks previously existing. There should be documentation of distances and time from major places

Neighborhood context

Zoning of the neighborhood is important and information of this type can typically be found at the municipal or city planning office. Features include: architectural patterns, street lighting, condition of existing buildings & the immediate surroundings of the site.

• Reaction of the surrounding buildings towards the site and people moving

  around

• Existing paths

• Landmarks

• Nodes

Neighborhood context elements

Size and zoning

Site boundaries can be located by either verifying the dimensions physically or contacting the municipal or city tax assessor’s office.

Deed

is information such as the property description, present ownership, and the governmental jurisdiction the site is located in, and the city or county.

Manmade features

Features located on the site such as buildings, walls, fences, patios, plazas, bus stop shelters should be noted. The site and location of such features should be directly measured

Natural physical features

Information will be derived from the topographic features on

the site. A contour map can be located from the survey engineer.

Circulation

The uses of streets, roads, alleys, sidewalks, and plazas are important in this inventory step. It is not necessarily an analysis of these elements but more an

analysis of what occurs on these circulation gateways

Utilities

Information for utilities concerning the site can be found through the utility departments and companies in the local area. They have a print of the drawing of the information needed including the location of all utilities and their locations around or on the site itself.

Schematic Phase

With the Program complete, and there to guide the design activities, the architect will next generate ideas.

Schematic Design

is a search for an essential organizing principle

• Bubble Diagram

• Schematic Plan

• three-dimensional Massing

  Models

Steps of Schematic Design Phase

Design Development Phase

determine materials, systems, and equipment, and the design will begin to represent the completed building.

Contract Documents stage

is when working drawings and specifications are produced.

Contract Documents

a combination of graphics (drawings) and written information (notes, schedules and specifications) describe the building thoroughly and precisely enough that it will be possible to construct it.

Detail Design

is the design of the many construction details of the building, such as the way that the materials and components of the building envelope are joined together to create a continuous air and vapor barrier

Programmatic Concepts

refer to abstract ideas intended mainly as functional solutions to client’s performance problems without regard to the physical response.

Design Concepts

refer to concrete ideas intended as physical solutions to client’s architectural problems

Concept of Character

is based on a goal concerning the image the client wants to project in terms of values and generic nature of the project.

Density

A goal for efficient land or space use, a goal for high degrees of interaction, or a

goal to respond to harsh climatic conditions may lead to the appropriate

degrees of – low, medium, or high.

People Grouping

Concepts derived from the physical, social, and emotional characteristics of people – as individuals, in small group, and in large groups.

Home base

is related to the idea of territoriality – an easily defined place where a person can maintain his individuality.

Address

This concept refers to workspaces.

Fixed Address

This concept refers to a traditional work setting where one person is assigned to

a workplace.

Free Address

This concept refers to a designated group or team space assigned for a specific period of time.

Group Address

This concept refers to a designated group or team space assigned for a specified period of time.

Relationships

The correct interrelation of spaces promotes efficiencies and effectiveness of people and their activities.

Communications

A goal to promote the effective exchange of information or ideas in an organization may call for networks or pattern of communications.

Neighbors

Is there a goal for sociability? Will the project be completely independent or is

there a mutual desire to be interdependent to cooperate with neighbors?

Separated Flow

A goal for segregation may relate to people (such as pedestrian traffic, and automobile traffic.

Mixed Flow

Common social spaces, such as town squares, or building lobbies are designed for multi-directional, multi-purpose traffic – or mixed flow.

His concept may be in this regard if the goal is to promote chance and planned encounters

Sequential Flow

The progression of people (as in a museum) and things (as in a factory) must be carefully planned.

A flow-chart diagram will communicate this concept of sequential flow much easier than words will.

Accessibility

Can first-time visitors find where to enter the project?

Orientation

Provide a bearing- a point of reference within a building, campus, or a city.

Relating periodically to a space, thing or structure can prevent a feeling of being

lost.

Flexibility

it means that the building can accommodate growth through expansion. it means that the building provides the most for the money through multi-function spaces.

Tolerance

Is a particular space tailored precisely for a static activity or is it provided with a

loose fit for a dynamic activity- one likely to change.

Safety

Look to codes and safety precautions for form-giving ideas

Security Controls

varies depending upon the value of the potential loss- minimum, medium, or

maximum.

These controls are used to protect property and to guide personnel movement.

Energy Conservation

There are two general ways to lead energy-efficient buildings:

• Keep heated area to a minimum by making use of conditioned, but non-heated, outside space, such as exterior corridors; and

• Keep heat flow to a minimum with insulation, correct orientation to sun and wind, compactness, sun controls, wind controls, and reflective surfaces.

Environmental Controls

What controls for air temperature, light and sound will be required to provide for

people comfort inside and outside the building?

Look to the climate and sun angle analysis for answers.

Phasing

• Will construction be required to complete the project on a time-and-cost schedule if the project proved infeasible in the initial analysis?

• Will the urgency for the occupancy date determine the need for concurrent scheduling or allow for linear scheduling?

Cost Control

This concept is intended as a search for economy ideas that will lead to a realistic preview of costs and a balanced budget to meet the extent of available funds

Space

Expressive or artistic/aesthetic space- created space to express man’s structure of his world.

Architectural space

concretization of man’s existential space

Euclidian Space

three dimensional geometry

• Olfactory (nose)

• Temperature (skin/feeling)

• Acoustics (ears)

• Lighting (eyes/visual)

Sensory perception

Space within a space

A set of a larger space and a secondary space

Interlocking space

The portion can merge with one of the spaces and become an integral part of its volume

Adjacent space

a space directly connected to a specified space.

Circulation

movement through space. Can be conceived as the perceptual thread that links the exterior/interior spaces of a structure

• Frontal

• Oblique

• Spiral

Circulation Elements: The building approach

• Implied (change of level)

• Real (pillars, gateway)

Circulation Elements: From outside to inside

• Flush, Projected, Recessed

• Emphasized, Circuitous

• Centered, placed off-center

• articulated

Circulation Elements: Entrance

• Linear

  • straight or curvilinear,

  • segmented (intersected, have branches)

  • looped

• Radial

• Spiral (stairs, ramps)

• Grid

• Network (random paths that connect established points)

• Composite (combination of the above)

Configuration of the path (major and minor axis)

• Pass by spaces

• Path through spaces

• Terminate in a space

Path-space relationships

• Exterior (promenade, malls)

• Interior (Corridors, balconies, galleries, stairs, rooms)

• Enclosed, open on one side, open on both sides

Form of the circulation space

Semantics

the study of meanings

Architectural semantics

architectural meanings

Indexial sign

a relation between a signifier and the signified (arrows indicate direction)

Iconic signs

a sign which refer to an object denoted by a characteristics

Symbolic signs

arbitrary relation between the signifier and the signified (associated)

Symbolism

basic strategy of perception based on learning and heredity.

An object or phenomenon which has meaning, it evokes emotional reaction.

• Architectural expression

• Visual expression of function

Expression

Renaissance

Inventionism

Renaissance

Humanism

Renaissance

Idealism

Renaissance

Mannerism

Renaissance

Pietism

Renaissance

Regional Classicism

Renaissance

Absolutism

Renaissance

Anglican Empiricism

Renaissance

Rococo

Renaissance

Palladianism

Renaissance

Georgian Urbanism

Early Modern

Neoclassicism

Early Modern

Exoticism

Early Modern

Sublimism

Early Modern

Structural Rationalism

Early Modern

Materialism

Early Modern

Medievalism

Early Modern

Victorianism

Early Modern

Monumental Urbanism

Early Modern

Anti-Urbanism

Early Modern

Decorative Industrialism

Early Modern

Imperialism

Modernism

Eclecticism