Personality: Carl Rogers' Chapter 13 (Exam 2)

client-centered therapy

Starts and ends with the subjective experience of the individual, where their subjective reality serves as the basis for all the individual's judgments and behavior.

Part of Humanism

Emphasizes people's potential of self-fulfillment

What do humanistic therapies focus on?

The present and future, not the past. They focus on feelings as they occur rather than childhood origins. Focus on the conscious rather than the unconscious. Focus on taking immediate responsibility for one's feelings or actions rather than uncovering hidden issues. Focus on promoting growth instead of curing illness.

What did humanistic therapy change the term "patients" to?

"clients"

Self-actualizing tendency

An active, controlling drive toward fulfillment on our potentials that enable us to maintain and enhance ourselves.

What is the self actualizing tendency believed to be?

both biological and psychological

Personality development believes self-actualization begins in...

Infancy

What is the organismic valuing process?

It is when individuals use their actualization tendency as a criterion in making judgments about the worth of a given experience.

Who proposed the concept of the organismic valuing process?

Carl Rogers

What is a fully functioning person?

An individual who is utilizing their potentials to the maximum degree.

What is self-realization?

The process of realizing and fulfilling one's potential and capabilities.

What is self-actualization?

The realization or fulfillment of one's talents and potential.

According to Rogers, the fully functioning person has the following characteristics

-Open to experience

-Characterized by existential living

-Trust their organisms

-Are creative

-Live richer lives than do other people

Emerging persons:

People whose interpersonal relationships are characterized by honesty, cooperation, and concern for others, avoid facades and hypocrisy, welcome change, and opt for growth even when difficult.

According to Rogers the emerging person has the following characteristics=

-Honest and open

-Indifferent to material comforts and rewards

-Caring persons

-They have a deep distrust of cognitive-based science and technology that uses science to exploit and harm nature and people

-Trust in their own experiences and profound distrust of all external authority

What is the social self?

An organized set of characteristics that the individual perceives as being unique to themselves.

How is the social self primarily acquired?

Through contact with others.

True self

One's self concept based on our actual feelings about our experiences

Rogers believed that the formation of a healthy self-concept was an ongoing process shaped by...

A person's life experience.

People with a stable sense of self tend to have greater...

confidence and cope more effectively with life's challenges.

One's self concept can be affected by...

the need for positive regard

Need for positive regard

Learned or innate tendency to see and need approval from others

As a result of the need for positive regard we..

live our life based on conditions of worth

Conditions of worth

Experiences and behaviors are acceptable only if they are met with the approval of others.

Rogers believed the ultimate goal of his person (client)-centered approach was to...

change the person's self-concept

According to Rogers, the ideal condition for development of a healthy self-concept is...

unconditional positive regard

What is unconditional positive regard?

A total caring or prizing of the person for what or who one is.

What does unconditional positive regard lack?

Any reservation or conditions of worth.

Rogers suggested that self-concept begins to develop during...

childhood and is heavily influenced by parenting.

How is self-concept influenced by parenting?

parents who offer their kids unconditional love and regard foster a healthy self-concept.

Children who feel that they have to "earn" their parents' love may end up with...

low self-esteem and feelings of unworthiness

The problem is that our image of who we think we should be...

does not always match up with our perceptions of who we actually are.

When our self-image does not align with our ideal self...

we are in a state of incongruence

Rogers believed that by receiving unconditional positive regard and pursuing self-actualization people can...

come close to reaching a state of congruence.

Unconditional positive regard plays a critical role in

The development of full functioning.

Those who receive nonjudgmental support and love can develop...

the self-esteem and confidence to be the best person they can be and live up to their full potential.

Q-sort

Measures the discrepancies between the actual and ideal selves

Rogers believed there are 3 essential ingredients provided by the therapist in order to facilitate the therapeutic relationship.

-Therapist must be genuine, empathetic, and must feel unconditional positive regard for the client.

Rogers believed the therapist must be engaged in active listening by...

paraphrasing, inviting clarification, and reflecting feelings.

With his emphasis on human potential, Rogers had an enormous influence on both...

psychology and education

Beyond that, rogers is considered by many to be...

one of the most influential psychologists of the 20th century.

Most therapists cite Rogers as their...

primary influence than any other psychologist.