05/09/23

God, Gold, Glory

Motivation for the Imperialists

Spain and Portugal

Two Iberian powers that pushed their ultimate goals to discover the rest of the world

Terra Incognita

unknown land that they aimed to integrate with Europe

Fall of Malacca and Moluccas

The first step of maritime discovery, initiated by Portugal by sailing through the southeastern route which made breakthroughs into the Indian Ocean.

Rediscovery of the Philippines

The second step of maritime discovery initiated by Spain by sailing via the western or southwestern route making landfalls in the west indies.

Spices

Made the food more palatable, accented the bland taste of meat and fish while preserving them in the absence of refrigeration

Fernand Braudel

Commented that everything depended on spices, even the dreams of a fifteenth century explorer.

Henry The Navigator

Portugal was the first country to use innovation in seamanship and boatbuilding with the establishment by this Man of the first navigational school in the globe at Sagres Point in 1419.

Azores

Between 1451 and 1470, the Portuguese discovered all the islands of _____ in the Atlantic which they used to stage the discovery of the Americas and the circumnavigation of the west coast of Africa.

Paolo Toscanelli

The man who inspired Columbus to discover a westward sea route to India

Cristoforo Columbo

Got inspired to discover a westward sea route to India

Made a landfall in Guanahani Island in October 1492 and two weeks later, on the coast of Cuba

King Joao of Portugal

Protested on the ground that ti was an incursion by Spain of his sphere of influence.

Imaginary line

The spheres of influence of the two superpowers of the 15th century thus were finally fixed by an ______ drawn from north and south poles.

100 leagues

The line was drawn ______ from Spain.

East, West

The lands lying to the ______ were reserved for Portugal and those territories to the < > to Spain

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

Partitioned the non-Christian world into two spheres of influence.

Granted the New World to Spain while Africa and India were reserved for Portugal.

370 leagues

The treaty shifted this demarcation line ______ farther west thus assigning Brazil to Portugal. This was veritable for Portuguese gain.

God

Religious motivations can be traced back to the Crusades, the series of religious wars between the 11th and 15th centuries during which European Christians sought to claim Jerusalem as an exclusively Christian space.

Gold

During the crusades, the Europeans experienced the feel of silk, the taste of spices, and the utility of porcelain. Their desire for these products led them to create new markets that brought Europeans valuable goods between the port cities of western Europe and the East from the 10th century along routes of the Silk Road.

Glory

The beginning of the Age of Exploration was the rise of absolute monarchies in Europe who had centralized authority and wealth. Each of the European countries used their vast wealth to fund expeditions of many explorers.

Colonialism

occurs when one nation subjugates another nation, often forcing their culture and language upon the local population. It is a policy of expanding a host country's influence and setting often motivated by the Three G's.

Brazil

Most Latin American nations are Spanish-speaking countries with the exception of this country where Portuguese is the national language as the eastern tip of this country falls east of the line of demarcation settled upon in the Treaty of Tordesillas.

Nao/Carrack

Ship of exploration used during the 14th - 16th centuries which were believed to be a development of the Galley shop which was powered by both square sails and oars. They are equipped with steel and iron cannons and mortars with the fore and aft castles providing the primary defensive bastions.

Fernao de Magalhaes

Magellan’s real name

Ferdinand Magellan

A Portuguese serving the Spanish royalty who saw action for his country in the East, first in India and then in Malacca. His original suggestion of reaching the Malaku was rejected by the King.

Ruy Faleiro

A cosmographer who egged Magellan to serve Spain as he was not in the good graces of Lisbon court.

Charles V

Got convinced by Magellan that he could find a shorter way to the Maluku by sailing westward via the Americas

San Lucar, Spain

Point of origin of Magellan’s journey

Trinidad, Santiago, Victoria, Concepcion, San Antonio

5 Ships that Magellan used to circumnavigate the globe

May 17, 1521

Date when Magellan finally reached the Philippines

April 1521

Magellan got defeated and killed in battle in April 1521 as a consequence of his intervention in a dispute between Lapulapi and Zula.

Victoria

The only ship that got back to Spain in 1522 arriving in Seville, led by Juan Sebastian Elcano

Lack of vitamin c

Caused them to develop scurvy

Saavedra, Villalobos, Legazpi

The three Spanish expeditions that followed Magellan’s, this time from Mexico (colony of Spain).

Maluarbuco

A place in northeastern Mindanao that was rich in gold, chickens, wild pigs, and coconuts

Sikatunaw

The apparent chief of Maluarbuco

350,000 ducats

King Charles V surrendered his supposed rights to Maluku to John III of Portugal in 1529 for ________, unaware that they rightly belonged to the Portuguese area of responsibility as set for in the Treaty of Tordesillas, showing both parties' lack of proper geographical knowledge.

297 and 1/2 leagues

A line of demarcation was established from pole to pole, this time ____ leagues east of the Maluku, as the western frontier of Spain's colonial ownership.

Philippines

According to the treaty of zaragoza the Spanish objective in the "West" was restricted to the ______.

Alvaro Saavedra Ceron

Arrived in Lanuza Bay in February 1528 and told of Maluarbaco

Treaty of Zaragoza (1529)

King Charles V surrendered the rights of Maluku to John III of Portugal

Villalobos (1542-1546)

6 ships and 370 men from Gallego, Sarangani

Sarangani

didn’t have a lot of food, they were forced to plant corn

Amboina

Where Villalobos surrendered to the Portuguese

Tandaya/Kandaya

Leyte, named Las Phelipinas after Philip II of Spain

Bernando de la Torre

made up the Philip II name

Legazpi-Urdaneta (1564)

In February of 1565, they reached Cebu and then made blood compacts and established the first spanish town

Villa de San Miguel

Became the first Spanish town established in the Archipelago, pioneer settlement in the PH

Ciudad del Santisimo Nombre de Jesus

New name of Villa de San Miguel

Urdaneta passage

an easterly route across the Pacific Ocean, from the Philippines to Acapulco in the Viceroyalty of New Spain. The route made it practical for Spain to colonize the Philippines and was used as the Manila galleon trade route for more than two hundred years.

Adelantado de Felipinas

Given the responsibility to accomplish an almost bloodless conquest of the PH considering its physical and human geography.

Nueva Espana

From 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was a captaincy-general administered by the Spanish king through the viceroyalty of __________ (Mexico)

Real y Supremo Consejo de las Indias

They governed all Spanish possessions that was next to the King, paramount lawmaker, and administrator overseeing the colonies of the Spanish empire

Recopilacion de leyes de los reynos de las Indias

Compendium of laws

Ministerio de Ultramar

Minister of Colonies, supplanted Consejo de las Indias

Intramuros

Seat of power in Manila where the King governed through the gobernador y

Capitan-General

* Commander-in-chief of the amy and navy
* President of the real audiencia (supreme court)
* had power over ecclesiastical appointments
* 40 000 per annum but it got augmented by bribe-gifts

Real Audiencia

Supreme Court, island’s highest judicial body

Residencia

Special judicial court that investigates the performance of a Governor General who was about to be replaced, submitted a report of findings to the King.

Visita

Sent a government official called the visitador general to observe conditions in the colony.

Alcaldia

Led by the Alcalde Mayor, governed the provinces that had been fully subjugated (under spanish control already), 300 pesos per month

Corregimiento

Headed by corregidor, governed the provinces not yet entirely under Spanish control

Indulto de Comercio

a privilege given to the Alcalde Mayores to monopolize domestic trade, control prices and business practices.

Gobernadorcillos

Each province was divided into towns and these people were assigned to collect taxes and govern

They had small salaries but tax exemption, they had to be native or chinese mestizo, literate, at least 25 years, cabeza de barangay for 4 years

Cabeza de Barangay

Responsible fro peace and order of a barrio, recruited men for public work, should be literate in Spanish, exempted from forced labor if they served for 25 years, good moral character and property

Ayuntamiento

Larger towns that became enters of trade and industry

Cabildo

Council of the Ayuntamiento

Regidores

Councilors

Alguacil Mayor

Chief Constable, maintained peace and order

Escribano

kept records of the city government

Friarocracy

meaning rule of the friars. During the last decades of the 19th century the Spanish friars were so influential and powerful that they practically ruled the Philippines.

Hacienda

It was instituted by the Spanish colonialists as an economic and political unit and was entrusted to loyal natives. served in producing surplus for the consumption of the colonialists and imposing control in the communities.

1565

Year when the Spaniards settled permanently in the Philippines

Reduccion

Spanish word for resettlement that imposed the missionaries and the encomienderos to collect all scattered Filipinos together.

1580

Franciscans proceeded to establish pueblos, ordering the missionaries to reside there, where the church and convent would be constructed

Tulisanes

Courageous unbelievers among them who rejected Spanish domination

Baptism

Filipinos were given Christian names derived from the feast day of the saint when he was born/baptized

8 reales

The price of tribute in 1570 which could be paid in cash and later raised to 15 reales untilt he end of Spanish period

Bandala

Sistema ng pagbabayad ng buwis taon-taon na ang nagtakda ng laki ng bayad ay ang pamahalaan na kung saan ang mga tao ay sapilitang ipinagbibili ang kani-kanyang ani at produkto sa pamahalaan na binabayaran lamang sa mababang halaga.

Cedula Personal

was a mandatory identification imposed by the Spanish colonial gov to exact taxes, monitor movement, & determine an individual's profile (contained address, profession, etc.)

Polo y servicio

System of forced labor which evolved within the framework of the encomienda system

40 days of men aged 16-60 obligated to give personal services to community project

Falla

Payment to get exempt from polo y servicio (2 real per day)

Encomienda

a formal system of forced labor in Spanish colonies in Latin America and the Philippines, intended to encourage conquest and colonization. Under this system, leaders of the indigenous community paid tribute to colonists with food, cloth, minerals, or by providing laborers.

Royal Encomiendas

belonging to the King

Ecclesiastical Encomiendas

belonging to the Church

Privado

belonging to private individuals

Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade

Also called the Nao De China, it runs in the huge stretch of the Pacific Ocean for 250 years with two vessels making the journey yearly (one outgoing one incoming) between Manila and Acapulco de Jufrez.

200 days

How long did the trip from Manila to Acapulco last?

Parian

Place where Chinese were allowed in Intramuros

Jose de Basco y Vargas

A frigate captain who for nine years revamped the then existing antiquated economic situation in the Philippines

real sociedad economica de amigos del pais

Composed of leading men in business, industry, and the professions

Plan General Economico

Basco introduced this plan to make the colony truly self-supporting in economy and entirely self-sufficient from the annual Mexican subsidy by introducing monopolies of tobacco, areca nut, liquors, and explosives

Compaña Real de Filipinas

Was created on March 10, 1785 which was modeled after the Royal Guipuzcoana de Caracas Company in South America, cause of the Manila-Acapulco trade’s deterioration

Puente Colgante

Quezon Bridge, first suspension bridge in the Far East, designed by Gustave Eiffel

Calle Hormiga

Small alley in Binondo that describes the sluggish vehicular movement owing to heavy traffic volume in Manila’s busiest commercial section

Ferrocarril de Manila

Only railway line that extended 120 miles up to Dagupan

Tranvia

was a streetcar system that served Manila and its surrounding cities during the early years of the 20th century.

1872

First telegraph lines between Manila and Corregidor

Cape Bolinao

The Manila-Hongkong overseas telegram was laid via _______ in Pangasinan putting Manila telegram in touch w/ Europe and Asia.

Calle San Jacinto

The telephone in Manila which began functioning with its main office in Intramuros and this place in Binondo