BISC 133 Lab Final, Kemege

E. coli

Gram negative, rod shaped, common in digestive tract of mammals, model organism, transmitted by fecal-oral route

rhizobium spp.

Gram negative, rod shaped, *fix nitrogen* (N2-->NH3), important in ecosystem bc of nitrogen, can't take place in soil, live in root nodules of *legumes*, bacteria provide plant with NH3 and O2 free environment

nostoc spp.

Gram negative, form long filaments, photosynthetic, macroscopic colonies, form heterocysts in low nitrogen

treponema pallidum

Gram negative, spirillum morphology, motile, cause syphilis

borrelia burgdorferi

Gram negative, spirillum, motile, causes Lyme disease

chlamydia trachomatis

Gram negative, coccus morphology, obligate intracellular parasite of humans, cause *STD chlamydia*, cause *trachoma in eyes*

bacillus spp

*Gram positive*, bacillus morphology, can *produce endospores*, bacillus subtilis - model organism, bacillus anthracis - anthrax, found in soil

staphylococcus aureus

*Gram positive*, coccus morphology, part of normal microbial on skin, can cause pimples and boils if under skin or pneumonia or toxic shock syndrome, infections treated with antibiotics but some strains of bacteria resist

streptomyces spp

*Gram positive*, form branched structures, found in soil and decaying matter, not human pathogens

gram stain negative

*red*; E. coli, rhizobium, nostoc, treponium palladum, borrelia, chlamydia

gram stain positive

*purple*; bacillus spp, staph aureus, streptomyces spp

Endospores

thick-walled protective spore that forms inside a bacterial cell and resists harsh conditions

Nitrogen fixation

convert gaseous nitrogen (N2) to solid nitrogen (NH3); cannot take place in presence of oxygen gas

Haloarchea

pleomorphic (can vary in shape and size within a specific species); photosynthetic; extremophiles; *halophiles* - extreme salt conditions

Methanomicrobiota

chemoautotrophs; use CO2 and H2 and produce CH4; capable of living in ecosystems with *no sunlight*, form bottom of complex food chains

Sulfolobus spp

extremophiles; *acidophiles* (low pH) and *thermophiles* (high temp)

Pleomorphic

vary in shape and size within a specific species

Halophile

live in *high salt* environments; are haloarchaea

Chemoautotroph

harness energy from *inorganic chemicals* rather than from consuming organic matter or from photosynthesis

Acidophile

thrive in low pH

Thermophile

thrive at high temperatures

Dinoflagellates; Karenia brevis

causes red tide

paramecium caudatum

Cilia cover the cell surface or are clumped, reproduce asexually by *binary fission*

diatoms

protists that have intricate shells in phytoplankton; Phylum Bacillariophyta; invaded in a silica cell wall called a *Frustule*

red algae

Phylum Rhodophyta;
marine algae in which the chlorophyll is masked by a red or purplish pigment

metamonads

parasite; noted for the *anaerobic metabolism* and their degenerated organelle

euglenozoa

a kind of protist, unicellular; include a variety of common free-living species, as well as a few parasites

amoebozoa

pseudopodia, plasmodial/cellular *slime molds*

cup fungi

budding yeast

penicillium spp.

basidiomycota

zygomycota

rhizopus spp.

polyphyletic

composed of *multiple clades* organized together which are *not* evolutionarily related

monophyletic

part of a *single clade* & are *all evolutionarily related*

paraphyletic

*single clade* including *most* but *not all* evolutionarily related groups

fungi group is

monophyletic

fungi cell walls made of

chitin

protists and fungi are

eukaryotes

defining features of plants

cellulose cell walls, chlorophyll a and b, chloroplasts with two membranes

plants are

monophyletic

purpose of vascular tissue

transport water and nutrients throughout the plant

monocots are group within group of

angiosperms

difference in angiosperms and gymnosperms

angiosperms have fruit and flowers, gymnosperms don't (they have cones)

animals are

monophyletic

invertebrates are

paraphyletic

most ancient, simplest group of organisms

phylum porifera

non-vertebrates are

animals that are *chordates* but not vertebrates

chordates are

monophyletic

endothermic

spends *energy* to maintain a consistent internal body temperature

Which anatomical structure divides thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity?

diaphragm

convergent evolution

two groups of organisms evolve the *same trait* *independently* of one another

lamprey

chordata, hyperoartia

sharks

chordata, chondrichthyes (skeleton made of cartilage)

bony fish

chordata, osteichthyes

bullfrog

chordata, amphibians

turtle

chordata, reptilia

birds

chordata, aves

feather anatomy

mammals

chordata, mammalia

rat dissection

sponges

cnidarians (jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone, coral)

platyhelminthes

liver fluke, tapeworm, planeria aka flatworm

nematodes (roundworms)

mollusk

cephalopods [squid, nautilus, octopus], chitons, gastropods

arthopod

horseshoe crab, crabs, centipedes, spiders, daphnia

echinodermata

sea cucumber, sea urchin, sand dollar, brittle star, starfish [have radial symmetry]

invertebrate chordates

lancelets, sea peaches, sea squirts

phylum porifera

sponges

phylum cnidaria

*jellyfish*, hydra, sea anemone

medusa jellyfish

jellyfish

phylum Platyhelminthes

flukes, tape worms, *planeria (flatworms)*, rotifers, round worms

phylum molluscs

chitons, snails, slugs, octopus, squids, *nautilus*, clams

subphylum cephalopda

*squids*, octopus, nautilus

class bivalve

clams, mussels, oysters

phylum annelida

marine worm, *segmented worms*, earthworms, leeches

class clitellata

earthworms, leeches

phylum arthropoda

*horseshoe crabs*, spiders, ticks, shrimps, barnacles, daphnia, millipedes, centipedes, beetles

subphylum chelicerate

spiders, ticks, horseshoe crabs

subphylum crustacea

shrimp, barnacles, daphnia

subphylum Hexapoda

beetles

subphylum myriapoda

centipedes, milipedes

phylum echinodermata

starfish, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, sea squirts, *lacelets*

lancelets?

no jaw/invertebrate

non-vertebrates

chordates that lack bones or a skeleton [fish-like (lancelets and tunicates)]

jellyfish (life cycle, different morphological forms)

1. egg
2. zygote (fertilization)
3. panula larva
4. hydra-like polyp
5. strobila
6. asexual reproduction
7. new medusa

coral (geographical distribution, coral reef formation)

-shallow waters
-polyps produce a mineral exoskeleton, dead corals provide structural foundation for living corals, creates coral reefs
-exist where nutrients are scarce
-symbiotic relationship with *photosynthetic protists*

annelids (segments, anatomy, skeleton)

-segmented worms (each segment has its own muscle, nerve ganglion, reproductive organs) can regenerate
-coelom forms a *hydro-static skeleton*
-has blood and blood vessels

The function of the characteristics shared by chordates

1. single hollow nerve chord
-spinal chord
-beneath dorsal surface
2. flexible notochord
-below nerve chord
3. postanal chord
-tail extends past anus
4. phalyngeal slits/ pouches
-at mouth
-can develop gills

acoelomate

no coelom (body cavity in animals that exists within the mesoderm)

Mosses

Bryophytes, grow as carpet on moist forest floor, lack vascular tissue. Gametophytes prominent, sporophytes are composed of stalks of seta and spore-filled capsules. Seta emerge from gametophyte and release spores. Spores are not photosynthetic.

Liverworts

Marchantiophyta. gametophyte prominent; look-like structures called thalli;
Female thalli: archegonia;
Male thalli: anterdia;
Perform asexual reproduction through Gemma cups. No roots; use *rhizoids* to anchor themselves.

Whisk ferns

Class psilotopsid; lack roots and leaves; synagia produce haploid spores

Horsetails

Class equistopsida. AKA scouring rushes. Stems coated in *rough silicon compounds*. Haploid spores are produced in cone-like structures at tips of stems called *Strobili*.

Hornworts

Bryophytes. Division Anthocerotophyta. "Horn" refer to sporophytes that stick out from leafy gametophyte. Lack vascular tissue; don't grow large; need moist environment. Haploid spores are released from slit near top of sporophytes

"true ferns"

Class pteridopsida. Leaves called fronds. Grow as curled "fiddleheads". Undersides of fronds have *sori*: clusters of sporangia. Haploid spores grow to gametophyte- separate fern: *prothallus*. Prothallus gametophyte produce egg and sperm in separate structures.
Sporophyte is predominant form.

Ginkgoes

Gymnosperms. Under class ginkgoopsida. Only one living species Ginkgo biloba. *Dioecious* (each tree is either male or female)
Have fruit-like structures that house seeds called sarcotesta, not true fruits that are not edible, seeds are edible.

Monocots vs. eudicots

Monocots: one cotyledon (first leaf) flowers with 3 or 6 petals (multiples of 3), leaf veins run *parallel* to one another, vascular bundles (in stem) that are spread out.
Eudicots: two cotyledons, flowers with 4 or 5 petals, leaf veins *branched*, vascular bundles (in stem) that are localized outside edges