evolving alliances

when was the anglo - Japanese agreement?

1902

why was the anglo-Japanese agreement made?

had a common interest in the far east - to defend their empires and trade routes against the empires of France, Russia + Germany.

why was the anglo-japanese agreement notable?

first military alliance between an European power and an Asian country

what were 3 of the anglo-japanese terms?

1. support each other if either was attacked by 2 or more powers

2. if attacked by one, the other would stay neutral

3. agreement still in force by 1914

what started/caused the anglo-french entente + when?

1904 - death of Victoria began the negotiations. Edward VII visited France in 1903 began with hostile reports from the press, but his charm won public opinion + his suspicion of the Kaiser’s intentions.

what is the 1904 entente often referred as + why?

as a cordial to highlight agreement was not a military alliance (as many often assumed)

what did the agreement(anglo-french entente) agree? (3 terms)

1. would settle their old disputes

2. France recognised the British occupation in Egypt, while Britain would support France in Morocco (latter kept a secret as it wasn’t allowed due to an agreement of the great powers in 1880)

3. regular consultation on naval + military matters arranged

why was the triple alliance (especially Germany) worried by the entente?

‘encirclement’ by France and Russia, plus France had freedom with its FP as it couldn’t upset the British

what was the cause of the Russo-Japanese war?

Russia expansion in the far east- in 1898 and again in 1903 Japan tried to reach agreements, where Japan would retain influence over Korea and Russia’s influence over Manchuria. Russia’s refusal provoked the Japanese attack on Port Arthur in Feb 1904

why did the Russo-japanese war raise concern in London about Britain’s diplomatic posititon?

it had a military alliance with Japan but also a hard-won agreement with France - stuck to Anglo-Japanese agreement as this kept it out of conflict

why was the Russo-Japanese war humiliating for Russia? (3 reasons)

1. 1. Japanese navy destroyed 2/3 of Russian fleet in the decisive battle of Tsushima 1905

2. first European power defeated by Asian power

3. helped spark the 1905 Russian revolt

what was the treaty of Pourtsmouth + when?

Sept 5th 1905 - stopped Russo-Japanese war. Russia was to hand over South Sakhalin + the lease to Port Arthur to Japan. Also evacuate Manchuria and recognise Korea as a Japanese sphere of influence

what agreement was made in 1907 between Russia (Izvolsky) and Japan?

guaranteed the independence of China + settled differences over Korea and Manchuria

when did the Anglo-Russian alliance begin?

1907

why did the Anglo-Russia alliance begin? (3 things)

1. deemed a useful way to prevent conflict over their influence in Persia and Afghanistan

2. both allies of France

3. Russia determined to avoid war after 1905

what were the agreements of the 1907 Anglo-Russian alliance? (2 agreements)

1. Afghanistan-India border; Russia given control of Afghanistan’s FP while both given equal trading rights

2. Russia given control over Northern Persia while Britain controlled the South and Persian Gulf - central section remained neutral

what was Britain’s FP like from 1907 onwards?

Friendlier with Russia + France, though their agreements only amounted to a ‘triple entente’ rather than an alliance