Carbon Atoms, Isomers, Functional Groups, and Macromolecules

Flashcards reviewing key concepts on carbon bonding, hydrocarbons, isomer types, functional groups, ATP structure, and polymer synthesis/breakdown.

What determines the number of bonds an atom will form?

Its electron configuration.

What does each pair of shared electrons consist of?

A covalent bond.

What are hydrocarbons?

Organic molecules consisting of only hydrogen and carbon.

Are hydrocarbons prevalent in many living organisms?

No, hydrocarbons are not prevalent in many living organisms.

What are isomers?

Compounds that have the same numbers of atoms of the same elements but different structures and properties.

What are the three different types of isomers?

Structural isomers, geometric isomers, and enantiomers.

What are enantiomers?

Isomers that are mirror images of each other and differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon.

What are functional groups?

Chemical groups that affect molecular function by being directly involved in chemical reactions.

What compound name and example correspond to the hydroxyl chemical group?

Compound name: Alcohol; Example: Ethanol (alcohol present in beer).

How is the carbonyl group categorized depending on its position on a carbon chain, and what is an example?

It is a ketone if the group is within a carbon skeleton, or an aldehyde if it is at the end. An example is acetone.

What compound name and example correspond to the carboxyl chemical group?

Compound name: Carboxylic acid or organic acid; Example: Acetic acid.

What compound name and example correspond to the amino chemical group?

Compound name: Amine; Example: Glycine.

What compound name and example correspond to the sulfhydryl chemical group?

Compound name: Thiol; Example: Cystine.

What compound name and example correspond to the phosphate chemical group?

Compound name: Organic phosphate; Example: Glycerol phosphate.

What compound name and example correspond to the methyl chemical group?

Compound name: Methylated compound; Example: 5-methylcytosine.

What is the structural composition of ATP?

ATP consists of an organic molecule called adenosine attached to a string of 3 phosphate groups.

What does ATP become after losing 1 phosphate group?

Adenosine diphosphate.

Which large molecules are classified as macromolecules?

Large carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids.

What is a polymer?

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds.

What is a monomer?

The repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer.

What is a condensation reaction?

The reaction that connects a monomer to another monomer or polymer.

What is a dehydration reaction?

A reaction where 2 molecules are covalently bonded to each other with the loss of a water molecule.

How many monomers are polymers constructed from?

Polymers are constructed from 40-50 monomers.