LE1 Pathology Practical Exam Practice Flashcards

This set of 100 vocabulary flashcards covers the pathology practical exam transcript, including cellular adaptations, necrosis, inflammation, hemodynamics, and genetic disorders.

Hypertrophy (Myocardium)

An adaptive change occurring when hormonal or functional stimuli increase protein synthesis resulting in larger cells.

Hypertrophy (Uterus)

A physiologic adaptation during pregnancy where elevated estrogen levels stimulate smooth muscle cells to increase in size.

Physiologic Adaptation

A process where cell size increases but cell number remains the same, such as in the gravid uterus, and is reversible after childbirth.

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

A pathologic hyperplasia common in older men, characterized by a firm, nodular, and enlarged prostate.

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

A potent derivative of testosterone that stimulates the proliferation of glandular epithelial and stromal cells in the prostate.

Fat Necrosis

A type of enzymatic necrosis seen in acute pancreatitis characterized grossly by chalky white deposits and microscopically by ghost-like outlines of fat cells.

Acute Pancreatitis

A condition presenting with severe abdominal pain where pancreatic lipases cause the destruction of fat cells in the peritoneum.

Jaundice

Yellow discoloration of the skin and sclera caused by the accumulation of bilirubin.

Bilirubin

The end product of heme degradation and biliverdin breakdown, transported to the liver for conjugation and excretion.

Fibrinous Inflammation

Occurs when vascular permeability is severe enough to let fibrinogen escape into the extracellular space, often seen in the pericardium.

Bread and Butter Appearance

The gross morphologic description of the pericardium in cases of fibrinous inflammation.

Immune Granuloma

A granuloma formed when persistent antigens like Mycobacterium tuberculosis trigger a T-cell mediated immune response.

Epithelioid Macrophage

The hallmark cell of granulomatous inflammation, which is an activated macrophage transformed by $IFN-\gamma$ released by $CD4^+$ cells.

Granulation Tissue

Early healing tissue characterized by the presence of new capillaries, fibroblasts, and inflammatory cells.

Keloid

A type of abnormal scar that results from excessive collagen deposition and spreads beyond the borders of the initial injury without regressing.

Hypertrophic Scar

A healing tissue reaction that remains contained within the site of injury and may regress over time.

Serous Inflammation

Inflammation result from endothelial cell damage, leads to increased vascular permeability and escape of cell-poor fluid into the interstitial space.

Cardiac Thrombus

A lesion formed on cardiac valves that consists of laminated layers of fibrin and platelets, which may detach and cause cerebral infarction.

Postmortem Clot

A soft, non-adherent mass formed after death due to clotting factors, showing chicken fat (yellow) and currant jelly (dark red) appearances.

Antemortem Thrombus

A mass formed before death through the interaction of platelets, vessels, and clotting factors, characterized by the presence of lines of Zahn.

Fat Embolism

Commonly occurs after long bone fractures, like the femur, when fat droplets enter circulation and lodge in the lungs.

Psammoma Bodies

Round concentric laminated calcified bodies found in abnormal tissues, representing dystrophic calcification.

Dystrophic Calcification

Calcification occurring in previously necrotic or diseased tissue in the absence of systemic calcium imbalances.

Down's Syndrome

A chromosomal disorder involving an extra copy of a gene on chromosome $21$, often presenting with a Simian crease.

Simian Crease

A straight line running medial to lateral along the whole palm, consistent with Trisomy $21$.

Klinefelter's Syndrome

A genetic condition in phenotypically male patients with a positive X chromosome test (Barr bodies) and a karyotype like $47, XXY$.

Barr Body

A condensed, inactive X chromosome tested in buccal smears to identify Klinefelter's Syndrome in males.

Translocation

A chromosomal abnormality where one big chromosome and one small chromosome are formed due to the loss and rearrangement of genetic material.

Gaucher's Disease

A storage disease leading to progressive splenomegaly and the accumulation of glucocerebrosides in enlarged phagocytes.

Gaucher Cells

Enlarged, distended phagocytes containing accumulated glucocerebrosides.

Marfan's Syndrome

A genetic disorder that may cause ectopia lentis, joint dislocation, and dissected aneurysms due to lost elastin and high pressure.

Dissected Aneurysm

A condition where blood is forced into a weakened wall of the aorta through an intimal tear.

Atrophy

Decrease in cell size and number resulting in a decrease in the size of the organ, often due to loss of endocrine stimulation.

Metaplasia

A reversible change where one differentiated cell type is replaced by another cell type, such as columnar to squamous.

Squamous Metaplasia

Commonly occurring in the respiratory tract in response to chronic irritation or smoking.

Steatosis

Also known as fatty liver or fatty change, characterized by the accumulation of lipids within hepatocytes.

Caseous Necrosis

A pattern of necrosis typical of tuberculosis, featuring eosinophilic, amorphous debris rimmed by inflammatory cells.

Tuberculosis

The most common disease associated with caseous necrosis and chronic granulomatous inflammation.

Amyloid

A pink amorphous protein substance that accumulates in organs like the liver sinusoids.

Congo Red

The most commonly used special stain to identify amyloid deposits in pathological specimens.

Chronic Passive Congestion (CPC)

A lung condition resulting from increased hydrostatic pressure, causing thickened fibrotic alveolar septa and congested capillaries.

Heart Failure Cells

Hemosiderin-laden macrophages located in the alveolar spaces, associated with chronic pulmonary congestion.

Hemosiderin

A pigment derived from hemoglobin found within macrophages in the lungs during chronic congestion.

Lipofuscin

Also known as lipochrome or 'wear and tear' pigment, appearing as yellowish-brown granules in the heart and liver.

Brown Atrophy

A condition of the heart characterized by the prominent accumulation of lipofuscin.

Acute Appendicitis

Inflammation of the appendix characterized by neutrophils extending through the wall and a serosa covered with exudate.

Granuloma

An ovoid-shaped lesion composed of epithelioid cells surrounded by a collar of lymphocytes.

Ulcer

A lesion characterized by a crater-like defect and the absence of a necrotic debris layer in specific healing phases.

Angiogenesis

The proliferation of new blood vessels, a hallmark histologic feature of granulation tissue.

Hypercoagulability

A possible cause of thrombosis, such as that seen in hemorrhoids during pregnancy.

White Infarct

An anemic ischemic necrosis that appears pale and wedge-shaped, typically caused by arterial occlusion in solid organs.

Hyperemia

The active increase of blood flow to an organ, seen as redness and edema in early acute appendicitis.

Edward's Syndrome

Also known as Trisomy $18$, with a karyotype of $47, XY, +18$.

Rocker Bottom Feet

A physical characteristic found in infants with Edward's Syndrome or Patau's Syndrome.

Moro Reflex Loss

A motor abnormality associated with Down's Syndrome.

Hypotonia

Decreased muscle tone, which is a common motor feature of Down's Syndrome infants.

Meiotic Nondisjunction

The most common cause of Trisomy $21$, accounting for $90\%$ of cases.

Langhans-type Giant Cells

Multinucleated cells formed by the fusion of activated macrophages within a granuloma.

Chronic Inflammation

A tissue reaction where lymphocytes are the predominant inflammatory cell, often following acute processes or chronic irritation.

Fibroblasts

Cells responsible for the proliferation of connective tissue and the formation of fibrous scars.

Aortic Valve Intimal Tear

A lesion in Marfan's Syndrome caused by loss of elastin and hydrostatic pressure.

Glucocerebrosides

The specific substance that accumulates in Gaucher's Disease.

Basophilic Calcium Deposits

Microscopic findings in areas of fat necrosis, appearing as bluish mineral accumulations.

Lipid Vacuoles

Intracellular spaces in hepatocytes that displace the nucleus to the periphery in fatty liver.

Hepatomegaly

An enlarged liver, which can weigh up to $4-6\,kg$ in cases of severe steatosis.

Sinusoids

Spaces in the liver where amyloid deposits are frequently found.

Alveolar Capillary Congestion

The filling of lung capillaries with blood due to increased pressure, seen in CPC.

Dusky Blue Color

Gross appearance of an organ undergoing passive hyperemia or congestion due to deoxygenated blood.

Overlapping Fingers

A clinical manifestation used to identify Edward's Syndrome.

Epicanthic Folds

A facial profile characteristic of Down's Syndrome infants.

Protruding Tongue

A common facial feature observed in patients with Trisomy $21$.

Chronic Passive Hyperemia

A condition where impaired venous outflow leads to blood stasis and deoxygenated blood accumulation.

Enzymatic Necrosis

A specific mechanism of cell death in the pancreas involving the release of lipases.

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

The tissue type that replaces ciliated columnar epithelium in respiratory squamous metaplasia.

Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

The normal cell type of the respiratory tract that undergoes metaplastic change due to smoking.

Trigone

Area of the bladder where squamous metaplasia is considered physiologic in women.

Keratinizing Squamous Metaplasia

A pathologic form of metaplasia occurring due to chronic infection or irritation of the urinary bladder.

Prostate Stromal Cells

Non-glandular cells that proliferate alongside epithelial cells in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia.

Estrogen Stimulation

The hormonal cause of physiologic hypertrophy in the myometrium during pregnancy.

Protein Synthesis

The cellular process that increases to create larger cells during hypertrophy.

Oblique Palpebral Fissures

Slanted eye openings that are a clinical sign of Down's Syndrome.

Simian Crease

The palm finding associated with an extra copy of chromosome $21$.

X-ray: Bulky Femoral Neck

A radiographic finding in Gaucher's Disease where the neck thickens and the depression is lost.

Ectopia Lentis

Bilateral lens dislocation, a diagnostic feature of Marfan's Syndrome.

Joint Dislocation

A recurrent clinical finding in Marfan's Syndrome patients due to connective tissue weakness.

Hematin

A pigment related to heme that is distinct from the bilirubin seen in jaundice.

Neutrophils

The predominant inflammatory cells that extend through the wall of the appendix in acute appendicitis.

Zone of Necrotic Debris

The histologic layer of an ulcer containing neutrophils and cell debris.

Angiogenesis

The process of neovascularization seen in granulation tissue.

Stasis

Abnormal blood flow that can lead to thrombosis in settings like pregnancy-induced hemorrhoids.

White Infarct (Pyramidal)

The characteristic triangular shape of ischemic necrosis in the spleen.

Deoxygenated Blood

The substance that causes the dusky or bluish-red color in passive congestion.

Trisomy 18

The numerical chromosomal abnormality also known as Edward's Syndrome.

Meiotic Nondisjunction ($90\%$)

The primary mechanism for the formation of the most common chromosomal disorder, Trisomy $21$.

Mosaicism ($1\%$)

A less common cause of Down's Syndrome compared to nondisjunction.

Chronic Granulomatous Inflammation (TB)

The specific inflammation type associated with chronic cough and low-grade afternoon fever.

Pink Hyaline Materials

Substances seen in arteries that are distinct from the fat necrosis of acute pancreatitis.

Vitamin A Deficiency

A nutritional cause for the replacement of transitional epithelium with stratified squamous epithelium.

Hemorrhage

Prominent blood vessel finding on the serosa of an appendix affected by acute inflammation.

Mononuclear Inflammation

A histologic feature of granulation tissue involving single-nucleus inflammatory cells.