Histology: The Cell Intro and Nucleus

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 0 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/147

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

148 Terms

1
New cards
Organism
Living being
2
New cards
Protoplasm
Living substance of all organisms is known as ….
3
New cards
Cell
Smallest unit of protoplasm capable of independent existence
4
New cards
Cell
Basic structural and functional unit of life
5
New cards
Bacteria and archaea
Simplest organisms
6
New cards
Prokaryotic cell
No nucleus or organelles
7
New cards
Human cell
Small mass of protoplasm
8
New cards
Karyoplasm
Protoplasm inside the nucleus is called…
9
New cards
Cytoplasm
The remaining part minus the karyoplasm is …..
10
New cards
200
How many different types of cells are in the human body?
11
New cards
WBC and ova
Free cell examples
12
New cards
5 to 50 micrometer
Diameter of human cells
13
New cards
120 micrometer
Mature ovum diameter
14
New cards
Upto 150 micrometer
Diameter of large neurons
15
New cards
Plasma membrane
Cell membrane is also called ….
16
New cards
Plasmalemma
Cell membrane is also called ….
17
New cards
Cell membrane
Envelops the cell completely and acts as a selective structural barrier between the contents of the cell and contents of the extracellular space
18
New cards
7\.5nm
Thickness of the cell membrane under the electron microscope
19
New cards
Trilaminar
Cell membrane is …..
20
New cards
7\.5 nm to 10 nm
The variable range of the thickness of the cell membrane
21
New cards
Phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol
Cell membrane is composed of ……,…..,….
22
New cards
Bimolecular
Cell membrane consists of a …. Layer of phospholipids
23
New cards
Embedded proteins and cholesterol
The lipid bilayer has …..
24
New cards
Fluid
Lipid bilayer is …. In nature
25
New cards
Polar head and nonpolar tail
Each phospholipid molecule consists of a …and ….
26
New cards
Head of a phospholipid molecule
Composed of glycerol conjugated to a nitrogenous compound by a phosphate bridge
27
New cards
Choline, serine, or ethanolamine
The nitrogenous compound may be …,…,…
28
New cards
Two long chains of fatty acids
Non polar chain of each phospholipid molecule is made up of …..
29
New cards
Covalently
The two long fatty acid chains are … linked to the glycerol component of the polar head
30
New cards
Between the long fatty acid chains
Where does cholesterol lie?
31
New cards
Cholesterol
Stiffens the cell membrane
32
New cards
50%
Protein molecules make up approx…. Of the total membrane mass
33
New cards
Integral and peripheral
Membrane proteins can be divided into …and …
34
New cards
Integral protein
These proteins are either embedded within the lipid bilayer or pass through the bilayer completely
35
New cards
Peripheral proteins
These proteins are not embedded in the lipid bilayer, they stay loosely associated with the integral proteins
36
New cards
Weak electrostatic forces
What binds the peripheral proteins to the integral proteins
37
New cards
Integral proteins
Most of the membrane proteins are ….
38
New cards
Transmembrane protein
These proteins pass through the lipid bilayer from side to the other
39
New cards
Oligosaccharides
….are attached on the surface of the plasma membrane which faces away from the cytosol
40
New cards
Glycocalyx
Dense meshwork of glycoproteins and glycolipids
41
New cards
Epithelial cells
Glycocalyx is mostly found in …..
42
New cards
Fuzzy layer
Glycocalyx appears as a … under the EM
43
New cards
Cell coat
Glycocalyx is also called…
44
New cards
Help cell recognize other cells, help in cell association and adhesion, serve as receptor sites for hormones
Moleucles of the glycocalyx enable the cell to….
45
New cards
Luminal surface of the small intestine and endothelial cells of blood vessels
Examples of glycocalyx
46
New cards
Passive transport
No input of energy is involved
47
New cards
Passive diffusion and facilitated diffusion
Two types of passive transport
48
New cards
Passize diffusion
Substances easily pass through the lipid bilayer of cell membrane down their concentration gradient
49
New cards
Fats, fat soluble molecules, small uncharged hydrophobic molecules and dissolved gases
Substances that cross the cm by passive transport
50
New cards
Facilitated diffusion
Substances which require channel proteins
51
New cards
Water and water-soluble molecules like glucose, amino acids and various ions
Substances which use facilitated
52
New cards
Hydrophilic channels
Channel proteins form …..
53
New cards
Active transport
Transporting ions and small molecules against their concentration gradients
54
New cards
Carrier proteins
Active transport requires…..
55
New cards
Continuous extrusion of Na+ out of the cell by sodium pumps
Best example of active transport
56
New cards
Vesicular transport
Mechanism by which large molecules and small particles enter, leave or move within the cell is …
57
New cards
Vesicles
…are membrane bound spherical structures which are formed either by budding off from the cell membrane or other organelles
58
New cards
Endocytosis
Processes of vesicular transport by which substances enter the cells
59
New cards
Pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis and phagocytosis
3 mechanisms of endocytosis
60
New cards
Pinocytosis
Process by which the fluids and small molecules enter the cell
61
New cards
50-100 nm
Diameter of a pinocytotic vesicle
62
New cards
Receptor mediated endocytosis
Mechanism by which specific macromolecules are allowed to enter the cell
63
New cards
Cargo receptors
Receptor mediated endocytosis depends on the presence of Receptor proteins called…
64
New cards
Cargo receptors
Recognize and bind to specific macromolecules
65
New cards
Clathrin
Cargo receptors become associated with a special protein called…
66
New cards
Phagocytosis
Process by which large particles are engulfed by the phagocytic cells
67
New cards
Ligands
Cell surface receptors respond to ….
68
New cards
Integral glycoproteins
The cell surface receptors are generally the …
69
New cards
Ion channel-linked receptors, enzyme-linked receptors and G protein-linked receptors
3 main types of cell surface receptors
70
New cards
Ion channel linked receptor
Gated channel proteins which require the binding of a ligand to open their gate
71
New cards
Enzyme linked receptors
One pass transmembrane proteins whose outer surfaces serve as receptors for specific ligands
72
New cards
G protein-linked receptors
Multipass transmembrane proteins whose extracellular surfaces function as receptor site for ligands
73
New cards
Adenylate cyclase pathway or phospholipase-c pathway
G Protein linked receptors activate a chain of intracellular events either through ….or ….
74
New cards
Nucleus
Contains the genetic material of the cell, functions as the command center of the cell, controls metabolic activities
75
New cards
Mature erythrocytes
Whigh cell does not contain a nucleus
76
New cards
3 to 10 micrometer
Diameter of a nucleus in a human cell
77
New cards
6 micrometer
Average diameter of a human nucleus
78
New cards
Spherical, oval,fusiform, lobulated, irregular
Different shapes of a nucleus
79
New cards
Center of the cell
Position of nucleus in spherical and polygonal cells
80
New cards
Central position
Position of nucleus in cuboidal, fusiform and squamous cells
81
New cards
Basal region of the cell
Position of nucleus in columnar and pyramidal cells
82
New cards
Binucleate
Liver cells are ….
83
New cards
Nuclear envelope
Nucleus of a resting cell is surrounded by a ….
84
New cards
Two parallel unit membranes
Nuclear membrane is composed of ...
85
New cards
Chromatin
Granules and particles of a basophilic material
86
New cards
Chromatin
….. occupies most of the space in the nuclear envelope
87
New cards
Nucleolus
Round, non membrane bound, dark staining body
88
New cards
Nuclear sap or nuclear ground substance
Semifluid material in the nucleus….
89
New cards
Dark blue or purple line
Nuclear envelope appears as …..under the LM
90
New cards
40 nm thick
EM reveals that the nuclear envelope is ….thick
91
New cards
Perinuclear cisternal space
The space between the 2 parallel unit membranes of the nuclear envelope
92
New cards
Nuclear lamina
Network of protein filaments in the inner nuclear membrane
93
New cards
Supports and stabilises the nuclear envelope
Nuclear lamina function
94
New cards
Ribosomes
The outer membrane of the nuclear envelope is studded with …
95
New cards
Cisternae of RER
Perinuclear cisternal space is connected to ….
96
New cards
Nuclear pores
Small circular openings in the nuclear envelope
97
New cards
70 nm
Diameter of the nuclear pores
98
New cards
Fusion of the outer and inner membranes of the nuclear envelope
How are nuclear pores formed
99
New cards
Function of nuclear pores
Serve as channels through which exchange of materials between the nucleus and cytoplasm occurs
100
New cards
mRNA from nucleus to cytoplasm and histones from cytoplasm to nucleus
Example of substances moving through nuclear pores