AP EURO TEST CORRECTIONS

Which of the following is an accurate description of the outcome of the Paris Commune?

The Commune was crushed by the French army.

Which of the following was the immediate cause of the revolutions that occurred in several major European cities in 1848 ?

The overthrow of Louis-Philippe of France

Which of the following best explains why Russia emerged as the leading supporter of the conservative political order established in 1815 ?

Russian society had been less influenced by Enlightenment thought than were other European states.

Before the First World War, European feminists such as the Pankhursts had all of the following goals EXCEPT

eliminating poll taxes

"By the charter granted by our late sovereign the framework knitters are empowered to break and destroy all frames and engines that fabricate articles in a fraudulent and deceitful manner."

The quotation above is a formulation of the ideas of which of the following groups?

Luddites

In the first half of the nineteenth century, which of the following was a field of employment that was exclusively male?

The legal profession

Metternich would have been most in sympathy with the political philosophy of

Edmund Burke

The French Le Chapelier Law (1791) and the English Combination Acts (1799-1800) did which of the following?

Made workers’ organizations illegal

Which of the following statements best reflects the ideas of Karl Marx?

A classless society will emerge at the end of the dialectical process.

The repeal of the British Corn Laws in 1846 was most strongly opposed by

wealthy landowners

“The Industrial Revolution, with its technology-driven economic growth, long stood as a formidable barrier to any effort [by historians] to search for economic growth based on any other factor or in any earlier period. Yet...decades of work on early modern European [economic history] have fundamentally challenged the conventional belief in a growthless, traditional economy. It is now sometimes conceded that substantial economic growth occurred before the technological breakthroughs of the Industrial Revolution....[Moreover, new data] on overall British economic performance during the classical Industrial Revolution era, 1760–1830, reduces [previous historians’] growth estimates by more than half. This slower macroeconomic growth bathes in a rather less luminous light the traditional arguments about the relative importance of technology in initiating modern economic growth in this era. It also reduces the contrast with earlier decades and thus makes pre-industrial Britain as well as several neighboring countries richer, more [developed] societies than has long been supposed.”

Jan de Vries, historian of early modern Europe, The Industrious Revolution, 2008

Which of the following best supports de Vries’ argument?

Before the advent of the steam engine, a dense network of canals and roads had been built in Britain in response to the growing commercialization of agriculture and manufacturing.

Which of the following resulted from the Russian Revolution of 1905 ?

The creation of the Duma

Which of the following was a major demographic change in Western Europe between 1850 and 1914?

A dramatic shift of population to urban areas

“The purpose of the geography curriculum was to come to know the narrower and broader Fatherland and to awaken one’s love of it. . . . From [merely learning the names of] the many rivers and mountains one will not see all the Serbian lands, not even the heroic and unfortunate field of Kosovo [on which the Ottomans defeated the Serbs in 1389]; from the many rivers and mountains children do not see that there are more Serbs living outside Serbia than in Serbia; they do not see that Serbia is surrounded on all sides by Serbian lands; from the many mountains and rivers we do not see that, were it not for the surrounding Serbs, Serbia would be a small island that foreign waves would quickly inundate and destroy; and, if there were no Serbia, the remainder of Serbdom would feel as though it did not have a heart.”

Report to the Serbian Teachers’ Association, 1911–1912

The report best reflects which of the following goals of public education systems in the period before the First World War?

Instilling feelings of nationalism

“In casting a preliminary glance over the vast field of female paid labor in this country, a field which may be roughly calculated to embrace about three millions of women, or half its female population, I am well assured that one department will chiefly interest a majority of my readers; -- namely the Profession of the Teacher. And this for an obvious reason, that it was until lately almost the only profession open to an educated woman of average ability. Few realize the extent to which women of the lower classes are employed in undomestic labor, in the factory, the workshop, and the field; but while all my lady readers have received instruction from some class of governess, there is probably not one who has not also some relative orcherished friend either actually engaged in teaching, or having formerly been so engaged.... Indeed, it is not a question of rank at all, for the unmarried female members of the small merchant’s family enter the profession from natural necessity, and the fortuneless daughters of the highly connected clergyman have often no other recourse. It is a platform on which middle and upper classes meet—the one struggling up, the other drifting down. If a father dies, or a bank breaks, or a husband is killed, if brothers require a college education, or orphan nephews and nieces are cast helpless on a woman’s heart, here is the one means of breadwinning to which access alone seems open.”

The English Women’s Journal, “The Profession of the Teacher,” First issue, March 1, 1858

A historian would most likely use the passage as evidence for which of the following in the nineteenth century?

The economic conditions of educated middle- and upper-class women

“The single and undisguised object of the League is to put down commercial monopoly; but that cannot be done by saddling upon our backs a fixed duty [tax] on imported corn [grain], which means a differential duty on sugar, on coffee, and monopoly in every other article. The Corn-law is the great tree of Monopoly, under whose baneful shadow every other restriction exists.

It is no fault of ours if with this agitation should be mixed up with the question of rents [paid by tenant farmers to large landowners], and should mingle in a degree that would render it difficult to separate the rights of property from the claims of those who labour under the grievance of these intolerable exactions. It is no fault of ours if the nobility of this country should become as much detested at their own baronial hall doors as were the noblesse of France previous to the Revolution. We are responsible for none of these things. The fault lies with those who support monopoly, who are deaf to reason and justice, and who place themselves upon a pedestal of injustice; a pedestal which is always liable to fall, and always certain to bring down those who stand upon it.

Free Trade! What is it? Why, breaking down the barriers that separate nations; those barriers, behind which nestle the feelings of pride, revenge, hatred, and jealousy, which every now and then burst their bounds, and deluge whole countries with blood; those feelings which nourish the poison of war and conquest, which assert that without conquest we can have no trade, which foster that lust for conquest and dominion which sends forth your warrior chiefs to scatter devastation through other lands, and then calls them back only to harass and oppress you at home.”

Richard Cobden, politician and manufacturer, speech to the anti-Corn Law League, 1843

Based on the passage, Cobden would most likely have been associated with which of the following nineteenth-century ideologies?

Liberalism

“The single and undisguised object of the League is to put down commercial monopoly; but that cannot be done by saddling upon our backs a fixed duty [tax] on imported corn [grain], which means a differential duty on sugar, on coffee, and monopoly in every other article. The Corn-law is the great tree of Monopoly, under whose baneful shadow every other restriction exists.

It is no fault of ours if with this agitation should be mixed up with the question of rents [paid by tenant farmers to large landowners], and should mingle in a degree that would render it difficult to separate the rights of property from the claims of those who labour under the grievance of these intolerable exactions. It is no fault of ours if the nobility of this country should become as much detested at their own baronial hall doors as were the noblesse of France previous to the Revolution. We are responsible for none of these things. The fault lies with those who support monopoly, who are deaf to reason and justice, and who place themselves upon a pedestal of injustice; a pedestal which is always liable to fall, and always certain to bring down those who stand upon it.

Free Trade! What is it? Why, breaking down the barriers that separate nations; those barriers, behind which nestle the feelings of pride, revenge, hatred, and jealousy, which every now and then burst their bounds, and deluge whole countries with blood; those feelings which nourish the poison of war and conquest, which assert that without conquest we can have no trade, which foster that lust for conquest and dominion which sends forth your warrior chiefs to scatter devastation through other lands, and then calls them back only to harass and oppress you at home.”

Richard Cobden, politician and manufacturer, speech to the anti-Corn Law League, 1843

Which of the following conclusions about the economic and political structure of Great Britain is best supported by the passage?

Despite changes brought about by industrialization, landed elites still retained significant power.

“The single and undisguised object of the League is to put down commercial monopoly; but that cannot be done by saddling upon our backs a fixed duty [tax] on imported corn [grain], which means a differential duty on sugar, on coffee, and monopoly in every other article. The Corn-law is the great tree of Monopoly, under whose baneful shadow every other restriction exists.

It is no fault of ours if with this agitation should be mixed up with the question of rents [paid by tenant farmers to large landowners], and should mingle in a degree that would render it difficult to separate the rights of property from the claims of those who labour under the grievance of these intolerable exactions. It is no fault of ours if the nobility of this country should become as much detested at their own baronial hall doors as were the noblesse of France previous to the Revolution. We are responsible for none of these things. The fault lies with those who support monopoly, who are deaf to reason and justice, and who place themselves upon a pedestal of injustice; a pedestal which is always liable to fall, and always certain to bring down those who stand upon it.

Free Trade! What is it? Why, breaking down the barriers that separate nations; those barriers, behind which nestle the feelings of pride, revenge, hatred, and jealousy, which every now and then burst their bounds, and deluge whole countries with blood; those feelings which nourish the poison of war and conquest, which assert that without conquest we can have no trade, which foster that lust for conquest and dominion which sends forth your warrior chiefs to scatter devastation through other lands, and then calls them back only to harass and oppress you at home.”

Richard Cobden, politician and manufacturer, speech to the anti-Corn Law League, 1843

The eventual adoption of Cobden's ideas by the British government contributed most directly to which of the following developments in the late nineteenth century?

The growth of a global economic network

The Crystal Palace, shown above, was built in London in 1851 primarily as

celebration of British technological and economic dominance

Which of the following advocated an evolutionary, as opposed to a revolutionary, theory of Marxism?

Eduard Bernstein

"The history of all hitherto existing societies is the history of class struggles."

The quotation above is from the writings of

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

Which of the following escaped the revolutionary outburst of 1848 ?

Sweden

In the period between 1871 and 1914, European governments regarded public education for the masses as important primarily because it would

provide society with well-informed and responsible citizens

Which of the following was a common theme among nineteenth-century Utopian socialists?

Advocacy of social and economic planning

Image 1: “The Playroom,” an etching by German painter Johann Michael Voltz, showing a mother and her children, 1823

 

bpk, Berlin / Staatliche Museen zu Berlin / Knud Petersen / Art Resource, NY

Image 2: German political cartoon, 1848

bpk, Berlin / Art Resource, NY

CARTOON CAPTION:

Wife: “Ludwig, take care of the child, I am going to my political club.”

Husband: “OK, dear. When are you coming back home?”

Wife: “Don’t worry about that; just go to bed.”

The material prosperity evident in Image 1 was in part attributable to which of the following?

The restoration of political stability in the aftermath of the Congress of Vienna

Image 1: “The Playroom,” an etching by German painter Johann Michael Voltz, showing a mother and her children, 1823

 

bpk, Berlin / Staatliche Museen zu Berlin / Knud Petersen / Art Resource, NY

Image 2: German political cartoon, 1848

bpk, Berlin / Art Resource, NY

CARTOON CAPTION:

Wife: “Ludwig, take care of the child, I am going to my political club.”

Husband: “OK, dear. When are you coming back home?”

Wife: “Don’t worry about that; just go to bed.”

A historian of nineteenth-century European society is most likely to use Image 2 as evidence that

many men feared that women’s participation in the public sphere would undermine the established social order

In The Communist Manifesto (1848), Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels asserted that

capitalism was a necessary stage of economic and social development

Which of the following best explains how increases in agricultural productivity in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries created the conditions for industrialization in western Europe?

The increases freed up labor that was no longer needed to produce food.

“The whole history of society up to now has been the history of class struggles. Our period, however, the bourgeois period, is distinguished by the fact that it has simplified class antagonisms. All society is splitting more and more into two great hostile camps, into two large classes opposing each other directly: bourgeoisie and proletariat.”

Which of the following wrote the passage above?

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

As a result of the 1905 Revolution, Tsar Nicholas II of Russia agreed to

create a national legislative assembly