Medical Psychology Midterm

what does psyche and logos mean?

Psyche= Soul
Logos= Knowledge

How is soul interpreted for psychologists

Through:
Behavoir
Emotions
Movites

What are the branches of psychology

Biological and Physiological Psychology - Cognitive Psychology - Social Psychology - Developmental Psychology - Theories of Personality in Psychology - Neuropsychology - Comparative Psychology / Ethology

Applied areas of psychology

- Clinical Psychology - Clinical Health Psychology - Clinical Forensic Psychology - Clinical Neuropsychology - Educational Psychology - Occupational Psychology

What is the biomedical approach

assumes that all disease can be explained in terms of physiological processes and therefore the treatment acts on the disease and not on the person

The Biopsychosocial Model

The Biopsychosocial Model proposed by Engel (1977) is a framework that takes into account the effect of biological, psychological and social factors. This approach was subsequently expanded to include factors such as ethnicity and culture.

The dual pathway model for psychology and health?

Two broad ways in which psychological processes may influence physical health

What is the Mind-Body phenomenon

"the two exist as aspects of the same entity, the mind being merely one of the body's functions"

Two main parts of the nervous system?

Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

First part of the developing Embryonic brain

Prosencephalon

The prosencephalon (forebrain) will develop into?

Telencephalon and Diencephalon (Subdivisions)

Those subdivisons will then become
Tele - Cerebrum, and cerebral hemispheres
Die - Thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus

The second part of the embryonic brain

Mesencephalon

Mesencephalon (midbrain) will develop into?

Corpora Quadrigemina, tegmentum, and cerebral peduncles

The third part of the embryonic brain

Rhombencephalon

Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) will develop into?

Metencephalon and Myelencephalon (Subdivisions)

Those subdivisions will then become:
Mete - Pons, cerebellum
Myele - Medulla oblongta

What makes up the CNS

Brain and spinal cord

What makes up the PNS

Sensory division and motor division

What makes up the motor divison

Autonomic and Somatic nervous system

What makes up the autonomic nervous system

sympathetic and parasympathetic division

Biggest part of the brain?

Cerebrum

How is the brain divided from the top

Left and Right cerebral hemisphere

what distinguishes a neuron from the other cells?

Thier shape

Soma

cell body of a neuron

Dendrites

Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.

Terminal buttons (pre-synaptic end)

knoblike structures that branch out from an axon and release chemical substances that go through synapsis

Nerves

A nerve is an enclosed (cable-like) bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system.

A nerve provides a common pathway for the electrochemical nerve impulses that are transmitted along each of the axons to peripheral organs.

Ganglion

Ganglia are the lumps that are attached to nerves and they contain the somas of neurons

Afferent neurons

carry information in to the central nervous system

Efferent neurons

Neurons whose axons carry information away from the central nervous system

Unipolar cell

dendrite and axon emerging from the same process

Bipolar (amr)

Axon and single dendrite on opposite ends of the soma

Multipolar

two or more dendrites seperate from the axon

Anaxonic

Where the axon cannot be distinguished from the dendrites

Neuroglia

non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Astrocytes

They regulate the external chemcial enviornment of neurons and have numerous projections that link neurons to thier blood supply (while forming the blood brain barrier)

Oligodendrocytes

produce the so-called myelin sheath. The myelin sheath provides insulation to the axon that allows electrical signals to propagate more efficiently

Ependymal cells

are involved in the creation and secretion of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Schwann cells

provide myelination to axons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). They also have phagocytotic activity and clear cellular debris that allows for regrowth of PNS neurons

Satellite cells

Help regulate the external chemical enviornment

In most areas of the brain, cells cannot be replaced exacept in?

olfactory (Smell) cells and Neuroglial cells

What is the blood brain barrier

a barrier that shields the brain from toxic substances in the blood, supplies brain tissues with nutrients, and filters harmful compounds from the brain back to the bloodstream.

It is Selectively permeable

What is the main form of communication between neurons?

Synaptic transmission

How are the messages carried from one neuron to another?

By neurotransmitters released by terminal buttons

Axodendritic synapse

occure on the smooth surface of a dendrite or on dendritic spines

Asosomatic synapses

occur on the somatic membrane

Axosynsptic Synapses

consist of synapses between two terminal buttons

CNS is responsible for?

processing information gathering from the rest of the nerves and transmitting instructions to the body

Somatic reflexes do what?

They control involuntary movement and skeletal msucles

The cerebrum cotrex is divided into four sections (lobes)

Frontal lobe, Paretial lobe, occiptial lobe, and temporal lobe

Frontal lobe is responsible for?

reasonsing, speech, problem solving, movement, emotions, planning

Parietal lobe is responsible for?

controling movement, orientation and recognition

Occipital lobe is responsible for?

visual perception and processing

Temporal lobe is helps do what?

control perception, recognition of auditory stimuli, memory and speech

The two hemispheres are associated with what?

Left - logical abilities
Right - creativity

Corpus callosum

A bundle of axons which connects these two hemispheres

cerebellum

helps with the regulation and coordination of movement, posture and balance

it has two hemispheres and it has a highly folded surface called cortex.

Limbic system (emotional brain) contains what?

thalamus
hypothalamus
amygdala
hippocampus

Thalamus

Center for pain perception

hypothalamus

regulate homeostasis, emotion, thirst, hunger, and control the autonomic nervous system

Amygdala

part of the telencephalon located in the temporal lobe and is involved in memory emotion and fear

Hippocampus

the part of our brain important for learning and converting short term memory into long term memory

Brain Stem: Medulla Oblongata

Responsible for vital life functions such as breathing, heart beat, and blood pressure

Midbrain functions?

Vision
Hearing
Eye movement
body movement

What happens to the left over neurotramsitters after a synapsis?

They are either taken back up to the presynaptic cell or is consumed by plasma

How is the neuron charged?

Inside it is negatively charged
Outside it is positively charged

Why is the inside of the neuron positively charged

Because of the potasium (K+) and Amines (A-)

Diffusion trend in neuron

High concentration to low concentration to reach equilibrium

What does the sodium-potasium pump do?

It works for that every 2 K+ that enter from the outside, it pushes out 3 Na+ ions

The All or nothing principal

This principal states that a stimulus must reach a threshold to generate action potential

Summarized steps of action potential:

rest- depolarization - overshoot - repolarizartion- hypolarization

Giant squid Axon

1- attach an electrial simulator at one end of the axon and place recording electrodes attached to oscillioscopes at different distanes

2- Then we apply depolarizing stimulus to the end of the axon to trigger an action potetnial then record the action potential from each electrode

3- Thus we see the action potential being conducted down an axon

Law of axonal condution

Esablished by the giant squid axon experiment and states:
1- action potential either occurs or doesnt
2- once it is triggered it is transmitted down the axon
3- Action potential always remains the same size

What is saltatory conduction?

saltatory conduction is the "jumping" of an action potential between the unmyelinated nodes of ranvier
- this means that action potentials only occur in the unmyleinated part of axons

What are the advantages of saltatory conduction

1- saves energy required to get rid of the sodium entering the axons (since it only enters the nodes of ranvier)

2- speed, since conduction of the action potential is much faster in the mylenated axons as the transmission between the nodes is very fast

Sclera

white outer wall of the eye and its tough fibrous tissue that extends from the cornea to the optic nerve at the back of the eye, it protects the entire eyeball

Choroid

a vascular layer of the eye that contains blood vessels that nourish the inner parts of the eye

Corena

the front portion of the eye it and allows light to enter

Iris

located behind the cornea and regulates the amount of light entering the eye by adjusting the size of the pupil

Pupil

the hole in the middle of the iris

The size of the pupil decreases or increases depending on what?

light intensity entering the eye

eye lense

Made up of a transparent jelly-like substance which is made up of protiens and it is held in position by the ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments

accomodation

the ability of the eye to focus on distant and nearby objects by changing the focal length

Aqueous Humor

a viscous liquid filled in the area between the cornea and eye lens and it prevents the eye from collapsing due to changes in atmospheric pressure

Retina

Delicate membrane having a large number of light-sensitive cells and situated at the back of the inner eye

Rods

cells in the retina that respond to light intensity

cones

Cells in the retina that respond to and detect color.

Fovea/Fovea centralis

tiny dimple in the middle of the retina and it is the center of the eyes sharpest vision and location of the most color perception (maximum number of cones)

Optic disk

Blind spot. This is where all of the axons of the ganglion cells exit the retina to form the optic nerve. Due to it being insensitive to light we call it the blind spot

Photoreceptors

Rods (Light senstiive) and cones (not very senstive)

The three types of cones

S-cone (blue), M-cone (green), L-cone (red)

Color blindness

is an inherited rarely acquired eye condition. Destruction of the cone cells from disease would result in color blindness.

Color blindness statistics

Red-Green color blindness (7-10% of men)

Colorblindness is rare in women (0.4%)

Monochromacy

Two or more of the light sense cones dont work inducing an almost total colorblindness

achromatopsia (complete color blindness)

A rare condition where you cannot see any color (only black and white)

sound

a vibration that typically propagates as an audible wave of pressure, through a transmission medium such as a gas, liquid or solid

sound frequency

the number of waves that pass a certain point at a given time

High pitched noise

short waves
moving quickly

Low pitched noise

fewer and slower fluncutations

Amplitude

loudness of a sound
- the difference between the high and low pressures created in the air by that sound wave.

Decibel (dB)

unit to measure the intentisty of a sound