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Tendency to view one’s successes as stemming from internal factors and one’s failures as stemming from external factors
Self serving bias
Someone who tends to see positive events as being internal, stable, and global is said to have what kind of explanatory style?
Optimistic explanatory style
Someone who tends to see negative events as being internal, stable, and global is said to have what kind of explanatory style
Pessimistic explanatory style
Unrealistically pessimistic appraisals of stress that exaggerate the magnitude of one’s problems
Catastrophic thinking
Belief that bad things happen to bad people
Just world hypothesis/bias
A bias or error in attributing the cause for some event such that a perceived threat to oneself is minimized “It can never happen to me”
Defensive attribution
The tendency for people to overestimate the number of people who agree with them is called what
The false consensus effect
Set of assumptions about a group of people, either positive or negative, based on half-truths and non-truths
Stereotype
Preconceived attitude towards a person or group that has been formed without sufficient evidence and is not easily changed
Prejudice
The unequal treatment of individuals on the basis of their group, ethnicity, age, gender, or religion
Discrimination
The belief that one’s ethnicity is superior to others
Ethnocentrism
The legal, social, economic, and political oppression of an ethnic group
Racism
A person fears doing something that could confirm a negative stereotype about an individual’s group
Stereotype threat
A person’s performance improves because of positive stereotypes about the group to which they belong
stereotype boost
Name the stanford professor whose research led to the concept of stereotype threat
Claude Steele
Normal psychological stress; good stress
Eustress
Extreme anxiety that impairs performance; bad stress
Distress
Kind of culture in which people put their own needs ahead of the needs of the group
Individualistic
Kind of culture in which a person puts the needs of the group first, before they satisfy their individual needs
Collectivist
Which country ranks the most individualistic
The US
Which country ranks the most collectivistic?
Guatemala
A situation in which a group of people act to obtain short-term individual gains, which leads to a loss for the group
Social trap
Poor group decision making that occurs because a group emphasizes unity over critical thinking
Groupthink
Theory that discussion reinforces the majority’s point of view and shifts opinions to more extreme positions
Group polarization
Theory that interaction between hostile groups will reduce animosity
Contact theory
Contact between hostile groups will reduce animosity, but only if the groups are made to work together toward a goal that benefits all
Superordinate goal
