176-200

Tendency to view one’s successes as stemming from internal factors and one’s failures as stemming from external factors

Self serving bias

Someone who tends to see positive events as being internal, stable, and global is said to have what kind of explanatory style?

Optimistic explanatory style

Someone who tends to see negative events as being internal, stable, and global is said to have what kind of explanatory style

Pessimistic explanatory style

Unrealistically pessimistic appraisals of stress that exaggerate the magnitude of one’s problems

Catastrophic thinking

Belief that bad things happen to bad people

Just world hypothesis/bias

A bias or error in attributing the cause for some event such that a perceived threat to oneself is minimized “It can never happen to me”

Defensive attribution

The tendency for people to overestimate the number of people who agree with them is called what

The false consensus effect

Set of assumptions about a group of people, either positive or negative, based on half-truths and non-truths

Stereotype

Preconceived attitude towards a person or group that has been formed without sufficient evidence and is not easily changed

Prejudice

The unequal treatment of individuals on the basis of their group, ethnicity, age, gender, or religion

Discrimination

The belief that one’s ethnicity is superior to others

Ethnocentrism

The legal, social, economic, and political oppression of an ethnic group

Racism

A person fears doing something that could confirm a negative stereotype about an individual’s group

Stereotype threat

A person’s performance improves because of positive stereotypes about the group to which they belong

stereotype boost

Name the stanford professor whose research led to the concept of stereotype threat

Claude Steele

Normal psychological stress; good stress

Eustress

Extreme anxiety that impairs performance; bad stress

Distress

Kind of culture in which people put their own needs ahead of the needs of the group

Individualistic

Kind of culture in which a person puts the needs of the group first, before they satisfy their individual needs

Collectivist

Which country ranks the most individualistic

The US

Which country ranks the most collectivistic?

Guatemala

A situation in which a group of people act to obtain short-term individual gains, which leads to a loss for the group

Social trap

Poor group decision making that occurs because a group emphasizes unity over critical thinking

Groupthink

Theory that discussion reinforces the majority’s point of view and shifts opinions to more extreme positions

Group polarization

Theory that interaction between hostile groups will reduce animosity

Contact theory

Contact between hostile groups will reduce animosity, but only if the groups are made to work together toward a goal that benefits all

Superordinate goal