social problems last unit oof

As fertility rates decline, the elderly support ratio decreases.

True

The least developed countries of the world have the highest rates of fertility.

True

The aging of the population is due, in part, to declining fertility rates.

True

The U.S. population is expected to continue to increase through 2050.

True

Poverty leads to high fertility.

True

Ageism refers to the positive stereotyping of the people aged 65 or older.

False

The term "ageism" refers to the respect and power accorded to older individuals in some societies.

False

Social Security taxes are raised yearly to reflect cost of living adjustments.

False

In most countries, lack of access to contraception is the main reason for not using it.

False

The abortion rate is similar in regions with legal abortion and in regions with restrictive abortion.

True

For most of human history, population growth was restricted by

disease and limited food supply.

In 2015, the world population was

7.3 billion.

The largest country in population in the world today is

China.

What is the total fertility rate?

The average number of births a woman will have over the course of her life

Higher population growth in developing countries is largely because of

higher fertility rates.

The replacement-level fertility is

2.1

The percentage of older people in the world population is expected to _ between the years 2015 to 2050.

nearly double

The aging of the world's population is due, in part, to

increased longevity.

The world's fastest growing age group is

older adults 65 and over.

The 80 and older population is expected to _ in size between 2019 and 2050.

triple

Life expectancy in the United States varies significantly by gender and

race.

The Baby Boomlets are _ percent larger than the Baby Boomers.

60

Working age within developed countries typically encompasses individuals who are

20 to 64.

_ is calculated as the number of working-age people divided by the number of people 65 or older.

The elderly support ratio

By 2050, there will only be _ working adults for every adult aged 65 and over.

4

Agricultural societies have birth rates and mortality rates.

high; high

According to the demographic transition theory, industrialization led to a decline in mortality because of

improved sanitation.

Which age group has the highest rate of voting?

60 and older

Symbolic interactionists highlight the idea that

negative labels such as "geezer" reflect ageism.

World System Theory examines the unequal distribution of _ at the global level.

wealth

_ is reflected in fertility worship and religious prohibitions of birth control.

Pronatalism

Youth bulges are the result of high fertility rates as well as

declining rates of infant mortality.

Globally speaking, one in _ people are moderately to severely food insecure.

four

Most scholars agree that globally, the world has _ resources to support its population.

enough

The demand for farmland has

never been higher.

_ occurs when older adults are not included in advertising and educational materials.

Ageism by invisibility

Young job seekers are _ to be offered a job interview compared with older job seekers with similar resumes.

more likely

_ refers to the generation of people who care for their aging parents while also taking care of their children.

The sandwich generation

A 401(k) plan is different from a pension in that

pensions provide a guaranteed income.

The two types of retirement plans are

traditional pensions with defined benefit and defined contribution plans.

_ is a federal program providing income in the event of retirement, disability, or death.

Social Security

A close analysis reveals that

Social Security is not "broke" but long-term changes are needed.

According to the text, the greatest need in developing countries in regard to family planning is

education.

China's one-child policy

allows rural couples to have a second child if their first child was a girl.

In what way have Social Security benefits changed?

The age at which one can receive full benefits increased.

The existence of a hostile work environment can be considered sexual harassment.

true

One of the items on the men's movement agenda involves getting fair treatment for fathers in courts.

True

Men are more likely to go to the doctor than women.

False

Discrimination on the job because of transgender status is a violation of federal law.

True

Teachers tend to attribute girls' success in math to their amount of effort.

True

When men and women have identical levels of educational achievement and both work full-time, American women, on the average, earn about the same as American men.

False

Women tend to advance more quickly in STEM occupations than do men.

False

In general, women are socialized into instrumental roles and men are socialized into expressive roles.

False

Women are more likely than men to earn at or below minimum wage.

True

Some societies recognize more than two genders.

True

The biological classification of males and females reflects the concept of

sex.

_ refers to the blending of traditionally defined masculine and feminine characteristics.

Androgyny

Which of these countries has not ratified the International Women's Bill of Rights?

The United States

_ refers to the social definitions and expectations associated with being female or male.

Gender

The hatred of women is referred to as

misogyny.

Feminism refers to the idea that

women and men should have equal rights and responsibilities.

The _ refers to society's tendency to discourage males from expressing emotion, weakness, or vulnerability, or asking for help.

boy code

On the average, men in the United States

die about five years earlier than women.

The boy code refers to

gender socialization that discourages males from expressing emotion and asking for help.

Which of the following religious denominations has the most nontraditional beliefs about women's roles?

Quakers

In general, females are more likely than males to suffer from

depression.

The documentary So Sexy So Soon shows _ in the media.

the sexualization of young children

_ prohibits sex discrimination in education programs and activities that receive federal financial assistance.

Title IX of the 1972 Educational Amendments Act

Research demonstrates the importance of _ bias—that is, bias in the way we understand the causes of behavior.

attributional

_ argues that the division of labor is a consequence of traditional socialization.

Gender role ideology

_ refers to the ways in which the norms, values, beliefs, and symbols of a society perpetuate the subordination of an individual or group on the basis of sex.

Cultural sexism

In the _, the United States made it illegal to discriminate in wages or employment on the basis of sex.

Equal Pay Act

The _ hypothesis argues that women are paid less because the work they perform is socially defined as less valuable than the work performed by men.

devaluation

Sociologists argue that women's jobs are undervalued because they include a significant amount of

emotion work.

Occupational sex segregation continues because of

employment policies.

The term "_" refers to an invisible barrier that prevents women from moving into top corporate positions.

glass ceiling

Worldwide, women tend to do jobs characterized by

informal working arrangements.

In the United States, women are less likely than men to major in

science, technology, engineering, and math.

_ sexism refers to the ways in which the organization of society divides and subordinates individuals and groups based on their sex.

Structural

In general, men are socialized into _ roles.

instrumental

_ argue that gender roles in the family and workforce change as the needs of society change.

Structural functionalists

Which perspective argues that preindustrial society required a division of labor based on gender?

Conflict

When the subjects in a research study were asked to list the best things about being male, females most often cited

higher pay.

When the subjects in a research study were asked to list the best things about being female, males most often cited

freedom to be emotional.

_ refers to the belief that there are innate differences between women and men and that these differences result in the superiority of one group and the inferiority of the other.

Sexism

People whose incomes are below the poverty line are more likely to be affected adversely by environmental degradation than the wealthy are.

True

Environmental racism refers to the tendency for marginalized populations and communities to disproportionately experience adversity due to environmental problems.

True

The major cause of global warming is greenhouse gases.

True

In recent years, we have experienced more and larger forest fires. This increase has been linked to global warming.

True

Floods contribute to the spread of disease.

True

Green energy forms include wind power.

True

Most ethanol in the United States is produced from corn.

True

Most scientists throughout the world agree that the climate system is getting warmer.

True

The misinformation campaign to deny global warming is funded mostly by the fossil fuel industry.

True

Air pollution is now considered the world's most significant environmental health risk.

True

The world today is _ degree(s) Celsius warmer than it was in the middle of the 19th century.

1

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was charged with addressing the reduction of

greenhouse gases.

The world's temperature is increasing at _ the rate it was 50 years ago.

twice

Rising sea levels are due to the thermal expansion of seawater as it warms and

melting glaciers and ice sheets.

Coral bleaching is responsible for

poisoning fish.