Cypress College - FA26 - BIOL 241 (Hybrid - Dr. Sanchez) - Ch. 1

Part of the Lecture 1 Exam

What is anatomy?

Deals with the structure (morphology) of the body and its parts; in other words, what are things called?

What is physiology?

Studies the functions of body parts or asks the question, “how do they work?”

What is pathophysiology?

How physiological processes are altered in disease or injury.

What is comparative physiology?

Physiology of invertebrates.

What is homeostasis?

Processes (mechanisms) used by organisms to maintain fairly stable (dynamic equilibrium) internal conditions (environment).

What is a set point?

The target value for each condition.

Give examples of conditions the body maintains by homeostasis.

Temperature, concentration of ions in the blood, heart rate, glucose levels, and blood pressure.

What are the three players in regulation of homeostasis?

Sensor, integrating center, effector.

What is autoregulation (intrinsic regulation)?

When a cell, tissue, organ, or organ system adjusts automatically in response to environmental change.

What is extrinsic regulation?

Adjustments made by either the nervous system or endocrine system.

What is negative feedback?

Action of the effector returns the condition to set-point (stabilizing).

What is positive feedback?

Actions of the effector cause the condition to deviate further from set-point (destabilizing).

What type of feedback is used by most homeostatic regulation mechanisms?

Negative feedback.

Give two examples of positive feedback from Dr. Sanchez’s slides.

Any two: blood clot formation, LH surge that causes ovulation, strength of uterine contractions during childbirth.

What are antagonistic effects?

Opposing effectors move conditions in opposite directions to maintain conditions within a normal range (dynamic constancy); for example, sweating when hot and shivering when cold.