Year 10 H.A.S.S Exam Full Year

UN

The UN is an international organisation of almost every country aiming to keep peace, protect human rights, and support development.

Australia & UN - Roles

Sends peacekeepers (South Sudan), signs human rights treaties (CEDAW, UNICEF, UN Women), provides aid to the Pacific, supports climate agreements, and supports health and education.

Foreign Aid - Definition & Focus

Money, goods, and services to countries in need. Australia focuses on Pacific & SE Asia for education, health, infrastructure, disaster relief.

Peacekeeping - Definition & Australia

Helping maintain peace after conflict

Australia vs China - Government

Australia: parliamentary democracy, separation of powers.

China’s communist party

China: a one-party communist system controlled by the CCP.

Australia vs China - Elections

Australia: compulsory, free, fair, multiple parties.

Chinese Elections

China: controlled elections, only CCP-approved candidates, no opposition.

Australia vs China - Freedoms

Australia: speech, association, religion, movement protected by law.

Freedoms of China

China: limited speech, strict censorship, punishment for criticism.

Australia vs China - Parliament

Australia: bicameral (House + Senate). China: NPC approves CCP decisions- not independent.

Australia vs China - Human Rights

Australia: rights protected through Constitution, courts, UN treaties.

China

Separation of Powers - Definition

Divides government into Legislative, Executive, Judiciary so no branch becomes too powerful.

Separation of Powers - Roles

Legislative: makes laws. Executive: implements laws. Judiciary: interprets laws (High Court → Mabo case).

Purpose of Separation of Powers

Prevents misuse of power and protects rights.

Levels of Government

Local: rubbish, parks, libraries, roads. State: schools, hospitals, police, transport. Federal: defence, immigration, foreign affairs, taxes.

Court System - Summary

High Court (Constitution, appeals), Federal Court (trade, NT), Family Court (divorce), Supreme/District/Magistrates (criminal + civil levels).

Democracy - Strengths

Cooperation, inclusion, peaceful conflict resolution, active citizens.

Threats to Democracy

Corruption, misinformation, vested interests, discrimination, voter apathy

Safeguards of Democracy

Independent courts (Roach case), free press (Four Corners), anti-corruption bodies, regular free elections (every 3 years).

Australia's Government - Key Features

Parliamentary democracy, constitutional monarchy, representative democracy, rule of law, separation of powers, federalism.

Parliament - Structure & Roles

House of Reps: 151 members, forms government, passes laws.

Senate: 76 senators, reviews laws, and represents states.

Governor-General: royal assent.

Treaty of Versailles

Germany blamed. lost land/colonies, military restricted, huge reparations, economic collapse, anger, rise of extremists/Nazis.

Great Depression

Global collapse, Germany worst hit, mass unemployment, people turned to strong leaders- helped Hitler rise.

Nazism Ideologies

Propaganda, fear, promises; nationalism, racism, Aryan superiority, anti-Semitism, anti-communism, Lebensraum; rebuilt military illegally.

Start of WWII

Germany invaded Poland- 1 Sept 1939.

End of WWII

Germany surrendered May 1945; Japan surrendered Aug 1945 (atomic bombs).

Australia's Role in WWII

Fought in Europe, North Africa, Mediterranean, Pacific (Malaya, Singapore, New Guinea, Kokoda); bombed in Darwin & Broome; relied on USA.

Pearl Harbor

Japan attacked US base (7 Dec 1941); 2,400 killed; US joined war; turning point.

Operation Barbarossa

Germany invaded USSR (22 June 1941), initial success failed due to winter, supply issues, Soviet resistance → major German losses. 775,000 casualties, wanted to expand there living space

Australia's Involvement in WWII

Fought at Tobruk, El Alamein, Crete; Kokoda; Japan attacked Australia.

National Security Act (1939)

Censorship, internment, rationing, industry control, movement restrictions, blackouts, curfews.

The Holocaust

Final Solution- six million Jews murdered- resulted in global focus on human rights and preventing genocide.

WWII Consequences

60+ million deaths, UN created, Cold War began, a large migration shaping Australia.

Environmental Change

Any change disrupting ecosystems. Natural or human causes.

Environmental Change Impacts

Risks to health, economy, wellbeing.

Sustainability

Meeting current needs without harming future ones.

Global Sustainability Challenges

Population growth, energy use, climate change, pollution, land degradation, urbanisation, exploited oceans, habitat loss.

Land Degradation

Erosion, salinity, desertification, nutrient loss- affects farms, costing billions; examples: WA Wheatbelt, Murray-Darling, Sahel.

Coastal Change

Natural: erosion, deposition, weathering. Human: ports, marinas, groynes, pollution. Climate change increases storms, sea level rise, bleaching.

Sea walls

Coast management structures to protect against erosion.

Natural defences

Natural features like seagrass, reefs, and mangroves that protect coastlines.

Wellbeing

Quality of life measured through objective indicators like life expectancy and income, and subjective indicators like happiness and safety.

Wellbeing Measures

GDP, HDI, and Better Life Index are metrics used to assess wellbeing.

NGOs

Independent organizations that assist with issues such as poverty, education, disasters, and gender equality.

World Vision

An NGO focused on poverty alleviation, clean water access, education, and child health.

NGO Challenges

Funding limits, conflict zones, and political restrictions that hinder NGO operations.

NGO Methods

Strategies employed by NGOs, including building wells, schools, health programs, and providing long-term support.

Climate Change

Caused by factors like CO₂ emissions, deforestation, and agriculture, leading to heatwaves, fires, floods, and biodiversity loss.

Climate Change Effects

Includes sea level rise and biodiversity loss, with Australia experiencing a temperature increase of 1.4°C.

Biodiversity Loss

Resulting from habitat loss, pollution, overfishing, and invasive species.

GDP

The total value of goods and services produced in a country over a given amount of time.

GDP Case Study - Australia

$1.8 trillion USD.

Inflation

The general rise in prices, measured by the Consumer Price Index, with a target of 2-3%.

Unemployment

The percentage of the workforce that is jobless but actively seeking work.

Youth Unemployment

Refers to the unemployment rate for individuals aged 15-24, which is approximately 9.1% in Australia.

Limitations of GDP

GDP does not account for inequality, unpaid work, wellbeing, environmental factors, or informal work.

Labour Productivity

The output per worker, which can be improved through training, better working conditions, and technology.

Capital Productivity

The efficient use of technology and machinery like Amazon robots and Rio Tinto's driverless trucks.

Why Boost Productivity

To increase market share, remain competitive, reduce costs, and enhance profits.

Material Living Standards

Measured by income, jobs, goods/services, housing, technology, and GDP per capita.

Non-Material Living Standards

Includes factors like happiness, work-life balance, health, education, safety, rights, and the environment.