Julians Quizlet: APUSH 1 Vocabulary/Terms (Chapter 1 and Chapter 2)

Iroquois Confederation

Northeast US had five tribes that discussed foregin policy as a group

Iroquois Confederation Members

Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca

Americas: Fauna/Flora

Alpaca, Llama, Guinea Pig

Benefits of European Animals

Easier transportation, better for warfare, meat/leather, power source, increased agriculture effeciency

European Exploration: Technological Advantages

Compass, sextant, mapmaking, caravel

Aztec Overview

Densly populated. With the Mayans fading by 1500, the Aztecs became the central power of South America

Aztec Strengths

Valley society, also sophisticated and big on trade

Inca Overview

Large empire in South America, larger than most of Europe

Inca Strengths

Very sophisticated and connected with a complex political system.

Inca Weaknesses

No written language

Europe vs North America: Politics

North America had many tribes (less stable), while Europe had nation-states (more stable)

Europe vs North America: Lifestyle

Europe was much more complex, and North America had a semi-nomadic lifestyle with little farming

Europe: Fauna/Flora

Pig, Sheep, Cow, Horse

Impact of Diseases

Europeans were largely immune to measles, influenza, and smallpox, which wiped out New World societies

Europe: Geography

Easy transportation, no natural barriers

Americas: Geography

Difficult transportation due to mountains and Panama Canal

Time Factor

Humans have inhabited Europe longer, allowing for a head-start on agriculture and other important areas

European Exploration: Imported Goods

Silks, spices, porcelain, gems

Aztec Weaknesses

No roads, wheels, or metals

Benefits of the Caravel

Large, durable ships that can transport goods/people and are good for long-distance travel

Major Incentives to Explore

Resources/profit, relgion/ideas, national power

Ordinance of Discovery

Spanish laws that banned the most brutal military conquests

Conquistador

A Spanish conqueror of the Americas during the 1500s and 1600s

Conquistador Goals

Gold/silver, serve country and god

Missions

Expanded Catholicism to the Americas with the help of priests and friars

St. Augustine Significance

1565 - Spanish establish military base, but is not a viable settlement

Don Juan de Onate

Led 500 settlers north from Mexico to establish a colony in modern-day New Mexico

Onate's Downfall

Treated the Pueblos very harshly and was removed as governor before long

Pueblo Revolt - 1680

Unsuccessful rebellion by Pueblo people, as they were angry about raids and drought, among other things. Spanish eventually came back to stop the revolt.

Ridged Royal Control

Regulations were made; economic devlopment was stifled

Biological Exchanges

Common intermarriage, people of mixed race were mestizos

Cultural Exchanges

Goods and ideas were exchanged between old world and new world

John Cabot

Sponsored by Henry VII, sailed to modern-day Canada/NE US

Significance of John Cabot

Started westward exploration for the English

Enclosure Movement

Small land areas converted into larger farms which produced wool and other important, rich goods

Chartered Companies

Companies which monopolized a certain area for trade purposes

Examples of Chartered Companies

Muscovy Company, East India Company

Mercantilism

The theory that a state's or nation's power depended on its wealth, not individual success

Effects of Mercantilism

Pushed countries to establish colonies to increase their wealth and power through colonization

Richard Hakluyt

English promoter of exploration. Explained how those who were impoverished could use colonies as an escape

Martin Luther/Protestant Reformation

Along with others like John Calvin, Luther challenged Catholic Church, tension built between public and Church

English Reformation

Henry VIII separates from the Catholic Church. Others started Puritan group

Puritans

Separated from the Church and ascertained new beliefs.

King James vs Puritans

King James despised the group, who eventually emigrateed from England

Irish Conquest

Failed as Irish were not open to colonization and fought back

Plantation Model

Separate the native society from the English society. Natives revolted, i.e. American Revolution

French and the Natives

Mutually-beneficial relationship with fur trade. Made up for smaller population in the Americas than England

Henry Hudson

English explorer who explored for the Dutch. Discovered the Hudson River, although he thought it was something else

Dutch in America

Had weak leadership, so population did not increase much around New Amstredam

Problems in Jamestown

Very few survived the trip, English were not immune, bad area chosen, no women were sent so no society

John Smith

English explorer who helped found the colony at Jamestown

John Smith Importance

Great organzier and traveler who established strict rules and set up raids on local tribes

The Great Fleet

Ships launched by the Virginia Company that had hundreds of people

Result of the Great Fleet

The trip failed miserably, as one ship went aground and those who survived were very weak

Jamestown Almost Dies

Those who still survived went back, thinking there was no point; that was until they ran into Lord De La Warr and a supply ship

Lord De La Warr

New governor of Jamestown who arrived in 1610 and stopped settlers from returning. He was very strict and developed some sense of government in the colony

Benefits of Tobacco in the New World

Money was the biggest benefit, but England also could expand their territory for more farmland

Headright System

Large areas of land given to new settlers in the new world - 50 acres. This encouraged families to move to the New World due of large land

Society is Established

Craftsmen, women, and othewr workers travel to the New World

Natives VS. English

Native surprise attack backfired as hundreds died during the battle. Pocahontas was captured, converted, and shipped back with John Rolfe

Money Is Lacked

Money was at a deficit, so the colony was now under the crown until 1776

English Use Native Agriculture

Native agriculture, in many ways, made a large impact on the English. For instance, they were taught the importance of corn and beans. Additionally, English technique was unsuccessful on such unique soil

Religion in Maryland

Protestant vs. Catholics. Freedom of worship, although Protestant governor was elected

Land Disputes

Virginia expanded westward into native land and wars broke out

Sir William Berkeley

Royal governor of Virginia appointed by King Charles. Led raids and was even disagreed upon by Bacon/rebels

Nathaniel Bacon/Bacon Rebellion

Bacon led rebellion against Sir William Berkeley. Disagreed over many issues including how to treat natives - faction made. Bacon almost took over Virginia before abruptly dying.

Turmoil in Virginia

Natives and English fought over property lines. Raided plantations.

Significance of Bacon's Rebellion

Struggles between natives and English for land became very clear. Could these free English be trusted to develop a lawful society? African slaves were shortly after brought in for labor purposes.

Puritans Immigrate

They saw the New World as a fit location. Signed Mayflower Compact, landed in Plymouth in 1620.

Friendly Relationships

Natives were much closer to the settlers here. Local native tribes were not very strong, so the English got along well

Wampanoags formed alliance and taught them the ways of New England.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Founded by John Winthrop and other Puritans. They settled around the Boston area.

John Winthrop

Educated man who was chosen to lead Mass. Bay. He wrote "City on a Hill," which laid down a plan for how to run the colony.

Mass. Bay is a Model

After a rough winter, became successful. Family was important, and so was religion to a great extent. Farmed corn primarily.

New England Expands

Rhode Island became a common place for all people to stay. Led by Roger Williams.

Anne Hutchinson

Thought those who did not undergo conversion could be elected to office. Quickly gained a large following. Women were restricted in terms of rights.

New Hamsphire and Maine

New Hamspshire became a colony in 1679, Maine was part of Massachusetts until 1820.

Southern Natives vs Northern Natives

Northern tribes near the coast were very weak compared to those down near Virginia and Maryland. Gave the settlers a lot of assistance in everyday life.

Connecticut Tribes

Much more powerful. Settlers turned to conversion and extermination, which decimated natives. The population was a mere 10,000 by 1675 (100,000 early 1600s).

Pequot War

Pequots and English fought over trading disputes; other tribes joined. John Mason led a raid which almost wiped out the Pequots as a whole

King Philip's War

King Philip (Metacomet) of Wampanoags tried to resist English rule. He was eventually ambushed and Wampanoags lost reltaionships with other tribes.

English Civil War

The king's supporters and Parliament/puritans battled in the mid-1600s. "Roundheads" (Parliament) won and Cromwell took over the crown (TERRIBLE LEADER)

Restoration Colonies are Formed

NJ, NY, PA, and Carolinas were granted charters after a long haitus.

First Settlements in Carolinas

Eight men were given lots of freedom as to ruling and land boundaries. Headright systems were set up and religious freedom was granted, similar to VA. Anthony Ashley Cooper led the colony to survival

NC vs SC

NC: backwoods farmers, subsistence farming, forestry

SC: fertile land, good harbors, strict hierarchy and more wealth

New Netherland

Dutch holdings in North America that the English would try to capture. The English eventually seized New Amsterdam in 1674.

New Jersey and New York

Very diverse colonies in terms of population. NY prospered, though, gaining up to 30,000 people by 1685. NJ, however, was sent back to be a royal colony after economic failure.

Quakers

Like the Puritans, the Quakers were not happy with religion back home A large group went on a voyage to the New World.

William Penn

Quaker who founded Pennsylvania. Even though he died a poor man, his colony was successful and made good ties with native tribes.

Delaware

A group of people were unhappy with ruling in Pennsylvania formed Delaware. Charter of Liberties was granted - representative assembly. This group went on to form Delaware but had the same governor as PA.

Caribbean Success

Many countries would claim land in the Caribbean for sugar cane and other farming success.

Slavery and Slave Revolts

An abundance of slaves were imported to the Caribbean to work. The slave population greatly outnumber settlers, who feared revolts.

Influence to the Mainland

Americans would turn to sugar and rum as a form of export to Europe. Plantation models in the south were influenced by those in the Caribbean

Southwestern Borderlands

Spain had land in NM, AZ, CA, TX, and other states but none were more prosperous than Mexico. They were fortified but not as strong after more countries trickled in.

California

Natives were, again, wiped out or converted to Catholicims

There were some revolts against harsh labor conditions in California.

Southeastern Borderlands

Challenge to English ambitions in North America. England would go on to set up Georgia to fortify the southern colonies. English pirates launched an attack on St. Augustine in 1668

Both sides used slaves and natives to their advantage

The English prevailed.

Georgia is Founded

Georgia founded as a small land area that could be used for military purposes by James Ogelthorpe. Most southern colony.

James Ogelthorpe

Military hero who set out with a unique vision of how to run his colony. Wanted a "military buffer" in between South Carolina and Florida.

New Visions for Georgia Fail

Ogelthorpe wanted: Limited land ownership to prevent native or Spanish attacks, prohibited slave labor, rum, and Catholicism for various reasons. This failed, and trustees unbanned slavery, ended rum prohibition, and made an assembly.

Middle Grounds

Places where European and Indian cultures interacted and where neither side had a military advantage. Both groups adapted each other's rituals and expectations.

The Navigation Acts

Charles II passed laws. He imposed taxes on other ships that passed through English waters. Only English ships would be allowed to bring goods into England. North American colonies could only export to England.