Hormone master set

ADH (Vasopressin): Release Site

Posterior pituitary

ADH (Vasopressin): Target

Collecting ducts of kidney

ADH (Vasopressin): Type

Peptide

ADH (Vasopressin): Control

Plasma osmolality, low blood volume

ADH (Vasopressin): Function

Increases H2O reabsorption (aquaporins), increases urea reabsorption, and increases Na/K/2Cl activity

ADH (Vasopressin): Too Little

Diabetes insipidus (polyuria, dehydration)

ADH (Vasopressin): Too Much

SIADH (hyponatremia, water retention)

Oxytocin: Release Site

Posterior pituitary

Oxytocin: Target

Uterus, mammary glands

Oxytocin: Type

Peptide

Oxytocin: Control

Cervical stretch, suckling

Oxytocin: Function

Uterine contraction and milk letdown

Oxytocin: Too Little

Poor labor progression and impaired lactation

Oxytocin: Too Much

Uterine hyperstimulation and inappropriate milk ejection

Growth Hormone (GH): Release Site

Anterior pituitary

Growth Hormone (GH): Target

Liver, bone, muscle, adipose

Growth Hormone (GH): Type

Peptide

Growth Hormone (GH): Control

GHRH (+), somatostatin (–), ghrelin

Growth Hormone (GH): Function

Stimulates IGF-1, growth, protein synthesis, and lipolysis

Growth Hormone (GH): Too Little

Dwarfism, growth failure

Growth Hormone (GH): Too Much

Acromegaly, gigantism

Prolactin: Release Site

Anterior pituitary

Prolactin: Target

Mammary glands

Prolactin: Type

Peptide

Prolactin: Control

TRH (+), dopamine (–)

Prolactin: Function

Stimulates milk production

Prolactin: Too Little

Failure of lactation

Prolactin: Too Much

Galactorrhea, infertility

ACTH: Release Site

Anterior pituitary

ACTH: Target

Adrenal cortex (zona fasciculata)

ACTH: Type

Peptide

ACTH: Control

CRH, circadian rhythm, stress

ACTH: Function

Stimulates cortisol secretion

ACTH: Too Little

Adrenal insufficiency

ACTH: Too Much

Cushing’s disease

TSH: Release Site

Anterior pituitary

TSH: Target

Thyroid gland

TSH: Type

Glycoprotein

TSH: Control

TRH, negative feedback from T3/ T4

TSH: Function

Stimulates thyroid hormone synthesis

TSH: Too Little

Hypothyroidism, cretinism

TSH: Too Much

Hyperthyroidism (Graves’)

LH: Release Site

Anterior pituitary

LH: Target

Gonads (ovaries/testes)

LH: Type

Glycoprotein

LH: Control

GnRH pulses, sex steroid feedback

LH: Function

Ovulation and testosterone synthesis

LH: Too Little

Infertility, amenorrhea

LH: Too Much

PCOS, precocious puberty

FSH: Release Site

Anterior pituitary

FSH: Target

Gonads

FSH: Type

Glycoprotein

FSH: Control

GnRH pulses, sex steroid feedback, inhibin

FSH: Function

Follicle development and spermatogenesis

FSH: Too Little

Infertility, delayed puberty

FSH: Too Much

Ovarian hyperstimulation

Insulin: Release Site

Pancreatic β-cells

Insulin: Target

Muscle, fat, liver

Insulin: Type

Peptide

Insulin: Control

Blood glucose ↑

Insulin: Function

Promotes glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, and fat storage

Insulin: Too Little

Diabetes mellitus

Insulin: Too Much

Hypoglycemia, insulinoma

Glucagon: Release Site

Pancreatic α-cells

Glucagon: Target

Liver, adipose

Glucagon: Type

Peptide

Glucagon: Control

Blood glucose ↓

Glucagon: Function

Increases gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and lipolysis

Glucagon: Too Little

Hypoglycemia

Glucagon: Too Much

Hyperglycemia, wasting

Cortisol: Release Site

Adrenal cortex (zona fasciculata)

Cortisol: Target

Many tissues - liver, muscle, adipose, immune, vasculature, bone/connective tissue, CNS

Cortisol: Type

Steroid

Cortisol: Control

ACTH, stress, circadian rhythm

Cortisol: Function

Increases gluconeogenesis, anti-inflammatory, increases BP

Cortisol: Too Little

Addison’s disease

Cortisol: Too Much

Cushing’s syndrome

Aldosterone: Release Site

Adrenal cortex (zona glomerulosa)

Aldosterone: Target

Kidney (distal tubule, collecting duct)

Aldosterone: Type

Steroid

Aldosterone: Control

Renin-angiotensin system, plasma K+

Aldosterone: Function

Na+ retention, K+ excretion, and increases BP

Aldosterone: Too Little

Hypotension, hyperkalemia

Aldosterone: Too Much

Conn’s syndrome (HTN, hypokalemia)

Epinephrine/Norepinephrine: Release Site

Adrenal medulla

Epinephrine/Norepinephrine: Target

Heart, vasculature, liver, adipose

Epinephrine/Norepinephrine: Type

Catecholamines

Epinephrine/Norepinephrine: Control

Sympathetic stimulation

Epinephrine/Norepinephrine: Function

Fight-or-flight: increases HR, BP, and glucose

Epinephrine/Norepinephrine: Too Little

Poor stress response

Epinephrine/Norepinephrine: Too Much

Pheochromocytoma (HTN, tachycardia, hyperglycemia)

T3/T4: Release Site

Thyroid gland

T3/T4: Target

Most tissues- liver, muscle, adipose, heart, GI, bone, CNS, skin/hair

T3/T4: Type

Amino acid derivative

T3/T4: Control

TSH

T3/T4: Function

Increases metabolic rate, growth, and CNS development

T3/T4: Too Little

Hypothyroidism, cretinism

T3/T4: Too Much

Hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis)

PTH: Release Site

Parathyroid glands

PTH: Target

Bone, kidney, intestine