A) Diseases of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses

1. cyclops

2. Chondrodysplasia

3. Choanal Atresia

• 
  

enumerate the anomalies in respi system

anomalies

Rare and often merely part of a more extensive craniofacial deformity

Cyclops

Component of generalized malformation

Chondrodysplasia

• Lack of communication
  between the nasal cavity
  and pharynx

Choanal Atresia

• Bronchoaspiration and
  aspiration pneumonia are
  common sequelae

CONGESTION OF NASAL MUCOSA

lesion commonly found at necropsy and presumably associated with the circulatory failure preceding death.

HYPEREMIA OF NASAL MUCOSA

• inflammation,whether caused by irritation

• EX. regurgitated feed, viral infections,secondary bacterialinfections, toxemia, allergy, or trauma.

epistaxis and hemoptysis

2 types of hemorrhages in Disorders of the Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses

EPISTAXIS HEMORRHAGE

local trauma, can originate from erosions of submucosal vessels by inflammation, neoplasms, in horse - exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage

HEMOPTYSIS HEMORRHAGE

• presence of blood in sputum or saliva thru coughing or spitting and is result of pneumonia, lung abscesses, ulcerative bronchitis, pulmonary thromboembolisms or hemorrhage, and pulmonary neoplasia

SEROUS RHINITIS

• Mild inflammation: hyperemia and increased production of clear fluid from serous glands in the nasal submucosa.

• Mild irritants or cold air and occurs during the early stages of viral infections, common cold in humans, upper respiratory infections in animals, or mild allergic reactions.

FIBRINOUS RHINITIS

What nasal cavity inflammation condition features plasma fibrinogen coagulating into a yellow, tan, or gray rubbery mat over the mucosa?

Increased vascular permeability

FIBRINOUS RHINITIS

What vascular change allows plasma fibrinogen to enter the exudate and coagulate into fibrin?

pseudomembrane

FIBRINOUS RHINITIS

yellow, tan, or gray rubbery mat forming a distinct film of exudate is known as what?

Aspergillosis

FIBRINOUS RHINITIS

What specific fungal infection can cause a severe fibrinonecrotic rhinitis?

diphtheritic or fibrinonecrotic rhinitis

FIBRINOUS RHINITIS

When the exudate membrane is difficult to remove because it is attached to an ulcerated mucosa, what are the two terms used for the condition?

GRANULOMATOUS RHINITIS

What nasal cavity inflammation condition is characterized by an infiltration of activated macrophages, forming chronic polypoid nodules that block the nasal passages?

1. Activated macrophages (predominant)

2. few lymphocytes

3. plasma cells

GRANULOMATOUS RHINITIS

List the three specific inflammatory cell types that infiltrate the nasal mucosa and submucosa in Granulomatous Rhinitis:

polypoid nodules, blocking nasal passages.

GRANULOMATOUS RHINITIS

In chronic states, what structural lesions form, and what mechanical effect do they have on the airway?

• fungi

• tuberculosis

• systemic mycosis

• undetermined cases.

Granulomatous Rhinitis is linked to chronic allergic inflammation or infections from what four specific organisms/disease categories?

multiple and often confluent granulomas

GRANULOMATOUS RHINITIS

In the midsagittal head section of the cow, what specific pattern do the granulomas take as they arise from the nasal mucosa?

Rhinosporidium seeberi causing a polypoid granulomatous mass

GRANULOMATOUS RHINITIS

What specific organism is identified as causing the mass shown on the dog's nose, and what kind of mass is it?

SINUSITIS

What paranasal sinus inflammation condition often follows rhinitis, improper dehorning, or tooth infections, and can chronically spread to the brain?

improper dehorning or tooth infections.

Sinusitis frequently occurs alongside rhinitis or follows injuries to the nasal and surrounding bones. What are the two classic examples of such predisposing injuries/infections?

• serous

• catarrhal

• fibrinous (rare)

• purulent

• granulomatous

List the 5 types of exudate used to classify Sinusitis, noting which one is specifically rare:

mucocele or empyema.

SINUSITIS

Because sinuses have poor drainage, accumulating exudate can lead to which two specific secondary conditions?

meningitis or encephalitis.

SINUSITIS

Chronic sinusitis may spread to adjacent bones or the meninges and brain. What two severe intracranial complications can this cause?

Fibrinosuppurative Sinusitis; paranasal sinuses are filled with fibrinopurulent exudate

SINUSITIS

Describe the condition and exudate type shown in the midsagittal head section of the donkey:

PROGRESSIVE ETHMOIDAL HEMATOMA

What species-specific circulatory condition of the nasal cavity occurs in older horses, causing chronic, progressive, and often unilateral nasal bleeding?

older horses

PROGRESSIVE ETHMOIDAL HEMATOMA

In what general age profile of equine patients does Progressive Ethmoidal Hematoma occur?

chronic, progressive, often unilateral nasal bleeding.

PROGRESSIVE ETHMOIDAL HEMATOMA

Describe the classic clinical bleeding pattern associated with this condition:

1. single

2. soft

3. tumor-like

4. pedunculated

5. expansive

PROGRESSIVE ETHMOIDAL HEMATOMA

Give the 5 classic gross/endoscopic descriptors for the physical structure of an ethmoidal hematoma:

dark red mass arising from the mucosa of the ethmoidal conchae

PROGRESSIVE ETHMOIDAL HEMATOMA

What color is the mass, and exactly where does it arise from anatomically?

1. Equine Viral Rhinopneumonitis (E. HerpesVirus 1 & 4)

2. Equine Influenza (H7N7 A/equi-1, H3N8 A/equi-2)

3. Equine Adenovirus

4. Equine Picornavirus

5. Equine Parainfluenza

RIAPP

Viral Infections

List the 5 viral causes of nasal cavity/paranasal sinus diseases in horses:

BoHV-1 (Bovine Herpesvirus 1)

Viral Infections

What viral agent causes Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) and acts synergistically with Mannheimia hemolytica?

Thick plaques of fibrinonecrotic exudate covering the nasal, pharyngeal, laryngeal, and tracheal mucosae.

Viral Infections

Describe the gross lesions shown in the IBR case photos:

Canine Distemper Virus, CAV1 (Infectious Canine Hepatitis), and CAV2 (Infectious Tracheobronchitis/Canine Cough)

Viral Infections

Name the viruses in the Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease (CIRD) Group:

Suid Herpesvirus 2

Viral Infections

What virus causes Inclusion Body Rhinitis in pigs?

• Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis (FeHV-1)

• Feline Calicivirus (FCV)

Viral Infections

List the two primary viral pathogens for feline upper respiratory infections:

Streptococcus equi = Strangles

Fatal hematogenous dissemination = Bastard Strangles

Bacterial Infections

Match Streptococcus equi and its fatal hematogenous disseminated form to their diagnostic names:

Bacterial Infections

Burkholderia pseudomallei (Pseudomonas pseudomallei)

Bacterial Infections

What organism causes Melioidosis (Pseudoglanders)?

Bordetella bronchiseptica,

Escherichia coli, and

Pasteurella multocida

Bacterial Infections

What are the three most common bacterial isolates for nasal cavity disease in dogs?

Chlamydophila felis

Bacterial Infections

What specific bacterial organism is highlighted for cats?

1. Bordetella bronchiseptica

2. Pasteurella multocida

3. Haemophilus parasuis

Bacterial Infections

What three bacterial organisms work together to cause Atrophic Rhinitis in pigs?

Rhinosporidium seeberi; forms an exophytic, large pedunculated granulomatous mass containing numerous sporangia (encapsulated cysts filled with endospores).

Parasitic Infections

What pathogen causes Rhinosporidiosis in a mule/horse, and what does it look like histologically?

Oestrus ovis

Parasitic Infections

What parasite causes nasal larvae/bots in the frontal sinus and nasal passages of ruminants?

irritation, inflammation, and obstruction of airways.

Parasitic Infections

What do Oestrus ovis larvae physically cause while spending most of their larval stages in the airway?

Linguatula serrata

Parasitic Infections

What specific parasite is highlighted under the Dogs column for nasal cavity infections?

CANINE NASAL ASPERGILLOSIS

What specific mycotic infection condition in dogs is primarily caused by Aspergillus spp. or Penicillium spp., resulting in severe destructive and exudative rhinitis/sinusitis?

Damage from chronic granulomatous inflammation, with a yellow-green, granular mycotic exudate in the posterior nasal cavity.

CANINE NASAL ASPERGILLOSIS

Describe the damage and exudate characteristics seen in the nasal conchae of a dog with chronic nasal aspergillosis:

Severe destructive and exudative rhinitis and sinusitis with gray-white mycotic membranes.

CANINE NASAL ASPERGILLOSIS

What do longitudinal head sections of affected dogs classically show regarding the nasal membranes?

numerous fungal hyphae.

CANINE NASAL ASPERGILLOSIS

What does the thick fibrinopurulent exudate contain in abundance under microscopic examination?

FELINE CRYPTOCOCCOSIS

What systemic mycotic infection condition in cats presents with swelling in the nose bridge ("Roman nose"), facial skin ulcers, and respiratory or neurological signs?

• Cryptococcus neoformans

• Cryptococcus gattii

FELINE CRYPTOCOCCOSIS

Name the two specific fungal species responsible for feline cryptococcosis:

• Status: Immunosuppressed

• Exposure: Inhaling and ingesting spores from pigeon or bird droppings + the environment.

FELINE CRYPTOCOCCOSIS

While not all animals exposed develop the disease, what primary status predisposes them, and how are the spores encountered?

Lesions range from small nasal granulomas to large masses of mucopurulent exudate filling the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.

FELINE CRYPTOCOCCOSIS

Describe the anatomical spectrum of lesions seen within the nasal pathways in Feline Cryptococcosis:

Respiratory signs, sneezing, congestion, nasal discharge

FELINE CRYPTOCOCCOSIS

List the 4 primary respiratory signs associated with this condition:

1. skin ulcers

2. eye changes

3. seizures

4. eye bulging

5. swelling in the nose bridge

FELINE CRYPTOCOCCOSIS

Beyond the respiratory tract, list the 5 other diverse clinical manifestations that can develop:

NASAL NEOPLASMS

What broad neoplasia category of the upper respiratory tract is primarily malignant, observed mostly in medium-to-large breed dogs, and frequently masquerades as infectious rhinitis?

False (Majority of nasal neoplasms are Malignant)

NASAL NEOPLASMS

True or False: The vast majority of nasal neoplasms in veterinary medicine are benign.

1. Collie

2. Airedale Terrier

3. Basset Hound

4. German Shepherd

CABG

Nasal neoplasms are primarily observed in dogs, especially medium to large breeds. List the 4 specific breeds highlighted on the slide:

Cats and horses

NASAL NEOPLASMS

Which two domestic species are explicitly mentioned as being less commonly affected by nasal neoplasms?

Because they become secondarily infected by bacteria.

NASAL NEOPLASMS

Why do nasal tumors often produce clinical signs identical to infectious rhinitis (such as catarrhal or mucopurulent discharge)?

Nasal passages and sinuses

NASAL NEOPLASMS

What are the main sites of occurrence for nasal neoplasms in Dogs, listed by frequency?

Tip of the nose and nasal passages

NASAL NEOPLASMS

What are the main sites of occurrence for nasal neoplasms in Cats, listed by frequency?

Maxillary sinus and nasal passages

NASAL NEOPLASMS

What are the main sites of occurrence for nasal neoplasms in Horses, listed by frequency?

ENZOOTIC (ETHMOIDAL) NASAL TUMORS

What specific viral-induced neoplasia of the upper respiratory tract is caused by betaretroviruses, occurs in small ruminants, and is characteristically locally invasive but non-metastatic?

betaretroviruses

ENZOOTIC (ETHMOIDAL) NASAL TUMORS

What specific viral family/genus is the causative agent of Enzootic Nasal Tumors?

y inoculation of cell-free tumor filtrates.

ENZOOTIC (ETHMOIDAL) NASAL TUMORS

How has this tumor been successfully transmitted to susceptible animals in experimental settings?

Typically invasive but do not metastasize

ENZOOTIC (ETHMOIDAL) NASAL TUMORS

Describe the classic dual metastatic/invasive behavior pattern of Enzootic Nasal Tumors:

NASAL POLYPS AND NASAL CYSTS RESEMBLING NEOPLASMS

What category of nonneoplastic exophytic masses resemble neoplasms, frequently occur in horses and cats, and often follow chronic upper respiratory inflammation?

the ethmoidal region.

NASAL POLYPS AND NASAL CYSTS RESEMBLING NEOPLASMS

Where do polyps typically develop in Horses?

nasopharynx and Eustachian tubes.

NASAL POLYPS AND NASAL CYSTS RESEMBLING NEOPLASMS

Where do polyps typically develop in Cats?

chronic rhinitis or sinusitis.

NASAL POLYPS AND NASAL CYSTS RESEMBLING NEOPLASMS

While the exact cause remains unclear, polyps often follow what two chronic conditions?

Lymphatic obstruction due to inflammation

NASAL POLYPS AND NASAL CYSTS RESEMBLING NEOPLASMS

What specific vascular/fluid tissue complication has been suggested as a primary factor in polyp formation?

firm, pedunculated nodules of varying sizes, protruding from the nasal mucosa into the nasal passages or nasopharynx.

NASAL POLYPS AND NASAL CYSTS RESEMBLING NEOPLASMS

Describe the basic tactile feel, shape, and protruding behavior of these polyps:

• smooth

• ulcerated

• secondarily infected

• hemorrhagic

NASAL POLYPS AND NASAL CYSTS RESEMBLING NEOPLASMS

List the four potential surface characteristics described for nasal polyps: