HESI A2 A&P

What is histology?

The study of tissues

What is a tissue?

A group of cells that act together to perform a specific function.

What are the fundamental tissues?

Epithelial

Connective

Muscle

Nerve

(Elephants Can Make News)

What is the function of epithelial cells?

Cover, line, and protect the body and the internal organs.

What is the function of connective tissue?

Framework of the body. Provides support and structure to organs.

What is neuroglia?

The neurons and connective tissue cells that compose nerve tissue.

What ability does muscle tissue have?

Ability to contract and shorten.

What is muscle tissue classified as?

Voluntary(skeletal muscles) and involuntary(smooth & cardiac)

What is meiosis?

The cell division that takes place in the gonads, i.e. the ovaries and testes.

What two layers compose the skin?

Epidermis and dermis.

What is the epidermis?

The outermost protective layer of dead keratinized epithelial cells.

What is the dermis?

The underlying layer of connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve endings, and the associated skin tissues.

What are the layers of the epidermis?

Corneum

Lucidum

Granulosum

Germivatum ( basale & spinosum)

Mnemonic: Candy Lions Growl Great.

What does the protein pigment melanin protect against?

Radiation from the Sun

What is the dermis composed of?

Fibrous connective tissue with nerve endings, blood vessels, sensory nerve endings, hair follicles, and glands.

What are the 2 types of sweat glands?

ecrine & apocrine

What do ecrine sweat glands produce?

Sweat. Regulate body temperature.

What do apocrine sweat glands produce?

Secretions contain bits of cytoplasm from cells, attracting bacteria that produces body odor.

What do sebaceous glands secrete?

They secrete sebum through the hair follicles, which lubricates the skin and prevents drying.

What secretion produces oil?

Holocrine secretion.

What are sebaceous glands prone to during adolescence?

Becoming clogged and attracting bacteria.

What protein composes the hair and skin?

Keratin

What makes the body's framework?

Bone, cartilage, ligaments & joints.

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

Support, movement, blood cell formation, protection of internal organs, detoxification, muscle attachment, mineral storage. A MIME BATHED SEALS SINGING "MY PONY"

How are bones classified?

By shape.

Long

Short

flat

irregular

sesamoid

LEMURS SING SALSA FOR INDIANS

What is the name for the cells that compose compact bone?

Osteoblasts

What occurs to osteoblasts when they become fixed in the dense bone matrix?

They stop dividing but continue to maintain body tissues as osteocytes.

How many bones make up the axial skeleton?

28 bones of the skull. 14-facial, 14-cranium.

How many bones make the facial skeleton?

2 nasal bones

2 maxillary bones

2 zygomatic bones

1 mandible

2 palatine bones

1 vomer

2 lacrimal bones

2 inferior nasal bones

What are the bones of the cranium?

single occipital

frontal

ethmoid

sphenoid

paired parietal

temporal

ossicles

What bone structures are in the ossicles (ears) ?

malleus, incus, stapes

How many bones make the skeletal column?

33 bones

How many cervical vertebrae in the skeletal column?

7

How many thoracic vertebrae in the skeletal column?

12

How many lumbar vertebrae?

5

How many sacral vertebrae?

5

How many coccygeal vertebrae?

1-the tailbone

What makes up the final part of the axial skeleton?

the thorax

the sternum

12 pairs of ribs.

What makes up the appendicular skeleton?

the bones of the girdle and limbs

What bones make the upper appendicular skeleton?

pectoral & shoulder girdle

clavicle

scapula

upper extremities

What are the bones of the arm?

Humerus

Radius

Ulna

Carpals (wrist bones)

Metacarpals (hand bones)

phalanges (finger bones)

What bones make the lower part of the appendicular skeleton?

The pelvic girdle or os coxae

What bones make the os coxae?

fused ilium

ischium

pubis

What bones make up the lower extremities?

femur

tibia

fibula

tarsals (ankle bones)

metatarsals (foot bones)

phalanges (toe bones)

How do muscles make movement?

Contraction in response to nervous stimulation.

What occurs in muscle fibers during contraction?

Myosin & actin filaments slide together.

What structures make up muscle cells?

Myofibrils made up of sarcomeres.

What must be present for a muscle cell to contract?

Calcium and ATP

What does nervous stimulation from motor neurons cause in the muscles?

Release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

What is the function of calcium in muscle contraction?

Attach to inhibitory proteins on the actin filaments of the muscle cell, moving them aside.

This forms cross bridges between actin and myosin filaments.

Why are the skeletal muscles of the muscular system considered voluntary?

Because they are under conscious control.

How do skeletal muscles work?

In pairs: the prime mover and the antagonist.

What is the function of the prime mover?

The muscle that executes a given movement.

What is the function of the antagonist?

The muscles that executes the opposite movement of the prime mover.

What are synergists?

Muscles that work together with the prime mover.