AP HG Review

Nation-State

Political entity where a nation coincides with the borders of a sovereign state. The population is relatively homogenous.

Nation

a group of people who share common cultural elements. They don’t always have political soveriegnty

State

politically organized territory with a permanent population, defined borders, and a sovereign government

Why are indo european languages so dominant?

historical diffusion through migration, colonization, and more

Ethnic Neighborhood

A geographic area where a specific ethnic group resides, often characterized by shared cultural practices

Remittances

The money or goods that migrants send to their families in their home country

Township and Range land survey system

Relies on a systematic grid-based approach, dividing land into rectangular townships and sections

OPEC Countries & Location

Middle East: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, UAE

Africa: Algeria, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Libya, Nigeria

South America: Venezuela

Ecotourism

A type of nature-based tourism that emphasizes reducing or eliminating your environmental impact.

Pidgin Language

A simplified form of speech that comes from one or more existing languages (No native speakers, just acquired)

Creole Language

A language that results from the mixing of colonial and indigenous languages (has native speakers and is structured)

US Energy consumption

high per capita, with the country consuming a significant portion of the world's energy, primarily relying on fossil fuels for its energy needs

Ethnocentrism

tendency to judge other cultures based on the standards and beliefs of one's own culture

racism

Belief that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race

Balkanization

The process of a larger political unit breaking down into smaller, often hostile, political entities

Barrioization

dramatic increase in Hispanic population in a given neighborhood

GNI

total value earned by a nation's residents and businesses, including foreign income

GNP

total value of all finished goods and services produced by a country's citizens, both domestically and abroad

GDP

total value of goods and services produced within a country's borders

New urbanism

seeks to encourage local community development and sustainable growth in an urban area

Gravity model & Industrial land patterns

The Gravity Model can be applied to understand where industries are likely to locate based on the attractiveness of nearby markets and the ease of transportation

Redlining

Illegal practice of refusing to make mortgage loans or issue insurance policies in specific areas for reasons other than economic qualifications of applicants

Diffusion of Buddhism

Relocation diffusion, primarily through Buddhist monks and traders traveling along trade routes

Gentrification

urban renewal that leads to the displacement of the occupying demographic

Blockbusting

profiteering by inducing property owners to sell hastily and often at a loss by appeals to fears of lowered values because of threatened minority intrudement and then reselling at inflated prices

Characteristics of Hinduism

Variety of beliefs, dharma & karma, ethnic religion, polytheistic

Diffusion of Christianity

missionary activities, cultural exchanges, and colonial expansion

characteristics of islam

universalizing, monotheistic, quaran is holy scripture, 5 pillars including pilgrimage to mecca

Stage 1 DTM

High birth rates and high death rates, resulting in low population growth

Stage 2 DTM

High birth rates but rapidly declining death rates, leading to a high rate of population growth

Stage 3 DTM

Declining birth rates and low death rates, leading to a slowing population growth

Stage 4 DTM

Low birth rates and low death rates, resulting in near zero population growth

Stage 5 DTM

Population decline due to a death rate that is higher than the birth rate, resulting in negative population growth

Christianity hearth/mainly practiced

Jerusalem, Israel/Americas, Europe

Islam hearth & mainly practiced

Mecca, Israel/Asia, Middle East-North Africa

Buddhism hearth & mainly practiced

North eastern India/South east asia, east asia

Baha’i hearth & mainly practiced

Persia (modern day Iran)/South east asia, sub saharan africa, south asia

Shintoism hearth & mainly practiced

Japan/Japan

Confucianism, Taoism hearth & mainly practiced

China/China

Hinduism hearth & mainly practiced

Indus River Valley/India

Sikhism hearth & mainly practiced

Punjab region of South Asia/India, Canada

Judaism hearth & mainly practiced

Modern day israel-palestine territories/Israel, US

Countries in stage 5 DTM

Ukraine, EstoniaSub, Japan, Germany

Subsequent boundary

political boundary that is created after a significant human settlement and is based on the cultural landscape and population distribution

consequent boundary

type of subsequent boundary—boundary that separates different cultural groups, such as religious, ethnic, linguistic, or nationality groups

Embargo act of 1807

American law that banned all foreign trade between America and other countries

Linguistic fragmentation

A situation where many different languages are spoken in a particular region, often due to historical migration patterns, geographical barriers, or ethnic diversity

Census + Gerrymandering

The census provides the population data that makes redistricting possible, and gerrymandering manipulates that redistricting process for political advantage

Vertical integration

When one company controls all aspects of its production process

eat-local environment benefits

significant reduction in carbon emissions associated with food transportation

Perforated state

A state that surrounds an enclave

Protruded state

State with a part that extends out from the normal part

Von Thunen inner ring

Dairy farming and intensive vegetable production

Von Thunen second ring

Forestry

Von Thunen third ring

Grain production

Von Thunen outer ring

 Ranching and extensive livestock grazing

Weber’s least cost theory

industries are located based on the cost of transporting raw materials and finished products (using the factors transportation, labor, and agglomeration)

GF/Latin America Urban Model

shows how wealth is concentrated near the CBD and along the spine, while poverty spreads outward to the edges of the city

Federal state

power is divided between a central government and regional governments

unitary state

power is concentrated in a single central government

Hotelling model

concept that explains how businesses tend to locate themselves geographically close to each other in order to maximize customer access

urban realms

cities are composed of multiple realms or regions, each with its own economic and social functions

central place theory

there can only be one large central city which is surrounded by a series of smaller cities, towns, and hamlets. The central city provides the goods and services required by people living in surrounding communities

neocolonialism

the practice where former colonial powers continue to exert influence over newly independent states

GIS

computer program used to store, analyze, and visualize geographic data on maps

Carl Sauer plant domestication

likely began in diverse, forested regions through vegetative planting before transitioning to seed agriculture

mercator projection

accurately portrays direction but significantly distorts the size of landmasses

Goode projection

equal-area map that minimizes distortion of land masses while sacrificing the shape of continents

robinson projection

attempts to minimize distortion across the entire globe by slightly distorting both shape and size

ecumene

area on earth that is permanently inhabited by humans

peters projection

attempts to accurately reflect the land size of all continents equally, but in doing so it distorts distance and direction

physiological density

number of people per unit of arable land

neolocalism

A movement where people actively seek to revitalize and re-emphasize their local culture and identity

syncretism

The creation of a religious structure through the interactions between multiple cultures

cultural appropriation

When members of a majority group adopt cultural elements of a minority group in an exploitative, disrespectful, or stereotypical way

forward capital

a capital city that is deliberately located in a peripheral or remote area within a country for strategic/economic reasons

isogloss

a boundary line between two distinct linguistic regions (ex. How different regions say soda)

Comparing a country’s economy to a US state economy shows?

Comparing a country’s economy to a U.S. state’s economy shows how wealth and development vary worldwide

Order of language classifications (largest to smallest)

1. Family

2. Branch

3. Group

4. Single Language

5. Dialect

antecedent boundary

Established before human settlement (often following natural features)

superimposed boundary

drawn by a colonial power that ignores existing cultural divisions, often leading to conflict

early civilization sites

Fertile Crescent (Mesopotamia), Nile Valley, Indus River Valley, North China plain, Andean Coast, Mesoamerican gulf coast

dispersal hypothesis—language

the theory that a single ancestral language originated in one geographic location and then spread outward through migration, causing the language to diverge and evolve into different languages

Just in time

A supply chain management strategy that aims to reduce inventory costs by receiving goods only as they are needed in the production process.

hinterland + population

group of people living in the surrounding rural area who rely on the central city for goods and services like shopping, healthcare, education, and employment

footloose industry

An industry in which cost of transporting both raw materials and finished product is not important for determining location of the firm

rimland theory

sea power is more valuable and that alliances will keep the heartland in check

heartland theory

whoever controls the central region of Eastern Europe will ultimately hold significant power and potentially dominate the world