anthro

key points

Antemortem

before death/during life

Perimortem

at around time of death

Postmortem

after death

Postmortem interval

interval between life and death and when body can be found can only be estimated

Pallor mortis

1st. after death paleness

Algor mortis

2nd. After death coldness- change in temp

Rigor mortis

stiffing of joints and muscles

Livor mortis

blood pooling

Decomp/skeletinzation

decomp

NCIC

National Crime Information Center- le only

NamUS

National Missing and Unidentified Persons System-

Doe Network/trans doe network

Le or public

Biological Profile/order of estimation

ancestory, sex, age, stature

Anthroposcopic- morphoscopic

observations of traits,

Osteometric

metric/measured, index, stats, anthropometry

Accuray

closeness that measurement is to true value

Precision

repeatability of measurement

Discrete

ancestry and sex

Continuous

age and stature

Order of accurary

sex, age of subadults, stature, age of adults, ancestery

Where is variation the most present

within populations/races

Humans genetically

homogenous

Humans genetics are not compatble with

sub-species/race categorization

Cline

Gradual change in trait or feature over geographic space a cline- related to enviromental variations

Hertible skeletal genetic variations?

Yes can be used to assesss ancestory with some accurary

Estimate ancestory from cranium

Only works on adult- uses antrhscopic and osteometric methods- execption- shovel based teeth

ANS

anterior nasal spine

INA

inferior nasal apeture

IOB

interorbital breadth

NAW

nasal apeture width

ORB

Orbit outline shape

Post Bregmatic Depression

PBD

Mental Eminence Shape

ME

Trans Palatine Suture

TPS

Estimate Ancestor from femur

anterior curvature of diaphysis, torsion of neck, intercondylar shelf angle

FORDSIC

computer program to estimate sex, ancestory and stature

Best sex estimator?

Pelvis

Gender

Social identity

Categories for sex estimation

Male, female, intermediate

Subpubic angle and pelvic inlet

V shape- male, wide O- female (big=baby head)

Greater sciatic notch

Narrow= male wide=female

Preaurculair sulcus

present- woman, absent, man

Ischium pubic index

pubis lenght x 100/ischium lenght
less than 90- male
95+ female
90-95=?

Sacral index

anterior breathd x 100/ anterior height
117+ female
117- male

Nuchal Crest

Cranium- robust= male

Mastiod process

Cranium- large= male small= female

Parietal boss

Cranium- presence- female absent=male

Supraobrtial margin

sharp- female, rounded= male

Superorbital tori/glabella

defined= male

Clavaria Shape

Cranium rounded= female, sloped= male

Mental eminence

Cranium- defined=male rounded=female

Glonial angle

Cranium- oblique female, right male

Glonail flare

flared= male, unflared- female

Scoring for sex cranium

1. female
2. probs female
3. ?
4. probs male
5. male

Estimate sex from humerous

metric-

Estimate sex from femur

metric-

Estimating sex based on juveniles remains

most differences are only apparent after puberty, many anthropologists do not report on sex unless genetic testing can be done

Best practice range to report

95% accuary

Chronological age

age in years

Physiological age

age of in body stress

Developmental process

occur at known/predictable rates- tooth eruption, bone fusion

First tooth?

6-9 months- lower central incisors

Formation of all decisdous teeth

6th fetal month

Last eruption

2-3 years- second molar

Dental eruption schedule- permanent

complete deciduous eruption- 3 years, M1 - 6, I1-2 7-9, C, P M2- 10-12, M3 18-25- erratic

Intramembranous ossification

bone development- immature individual sflat bones, most skull and lateral 1/2 clavicle, membrane that fills with bone from center out

Endochroncal ossification

bone development- long and short, some skull, cartilage replaced by bone from center out, diaphysis and epiphysis form seperately and then fuse

Endochroncal ossification- diaphysis

primary center of ossification

Endochroncal ossification Epiphysis

secondary center of ossification

Endochroncal ossification epiphyseal

growth plate- point of fusion (suture) and site of new growth

Bone growth

longitudale bone growth- continous remodleing of epiphyseal plate, ends when chrondrocytes at end of growth plates are replaced with bone
female- 18
males- 21

Appositional Bone growth

increase in thickness, added to periosteum and subchrondal areas, stimultaneous reosrption from endosteum

Epiphyseal fusion

epiphysis fuse in predictable order, useful for aad between 10-25, sex differences

Diaphyseal lenght

can be used until epiphysis fuse- 10 yrs

Pubic symphysis

Age estimation for adults- changes in billowing, broder face shape

Aricular surface

Age estimation for adults, changes in billowing striae, porosity, surface changes,

Sternal end of ribs

Age estimation for adults billowy to marked, flat to cupped

Cranial suture closer

Age estimation for adults

Dental wear

Age estimation for adults- exposue of dentin- mosr useful in historic contexts

ORS ch. 146

investigations of deaths, injuries and missing persons, determines types of deaths that require investigations- establishes oregon state medical examiner system

Deaths that require investigation

Appertatnly homicidal, sucidial, supious or unknown circumstances, unlawfull use of controlled substances, while incarerated/in custody, apperantly accidental or following injuiry, resulting from disease, toxic agent, or injury from employeement, while not under care of a physician, related to disease that may be public health problem, human body dispossed of in offensive manor

ME indentifactions

positive- fingeprints, dental/medical records, dna
presumptive- circumstances, physcial attributes, witnesses NOK, photo

ME cause of death

injury or disease that starts chain of events to lead to death, proximate cause- initail event, immediate- last event to death- time frame is anything

ME manner of death

legal distinction for how someone died- how cause occurred- ME opinion on if it occurred
natural- disease, alcoholism
accidental- overdose, falls
suicide
homicide
undetermined
pending
investigation is most important for determining manner of death

Initial treatment and examination of preparations of remains

cleaning of remains, reconstruction sorting and assembly, inventory

Cleaning of remains

bulk soft tissue removed, do not want to cause damage to bone- tissue sample/xray

Dermestid beetles

larva that eats soft tissue- slow process

Reconstruction

gluing/taping together broken bones

Sorting

minium number of individuals, bone size adn size, sex, age, rubsticity, rugosity, joint surface concerence, spececfic indicators (healed bones). seperating skeleton by individuals

Resassembly

placing elements in anatomical position for inventory

Gigantism and acromegaly

overproduction of growth hormone- begin pitutary tumor, gigantism childhood- more proportional growth, acromegaly mandibular condyle most affected

Anomiles

nonmetric variations, accessory ossicles, nonfusion, additional foramen

Markers of occupational stress

enlarged areas of muscle attachments, erosion, ossification of soft tissues

Scavangers

Dogs, coyotes, bears, puma, raccons etc

Taphonomy

study of laws of death/burials- process body goes through in time of death to discovery

Perimortem and Post mortem fractures

lack healing

Fracture characteristics

edge morphology, color

Perimortem fracture

sharp clean edges, obutuse/acute angles same color as bone

Post mortem fracture

rougher edges, more right angles random break patter, different color from surface