WHAP Unit 1945

Chinese Civil War

Chinese Civil War

War between communist Mao Zedong and nationalist Chaing-Kai Shek. The communists took over and forced the nationalists to retreat to Taiwan

Chinese Revolution of 1949

An event that marks the coming to power of the Chinese Communist Party under the leadership of Mao Zedong, following a decades-long struggle against both domestic opponents and Japanese imperialism.

Mao Zedong

(1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.

Guomindag

nationalist party founded by Sun Yat-sen which overthrew the Qing dynasty. Sought to regain power from larger bureaucrats.

Chiang Kai Sheck

the leader of Chinese nationalist gov. supported by US. Later becomes head of Taiwan. Attempted to stop the communist revolution

Long March

The 6,000-mile (9,600-kilometer) flight of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China. The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, were pursued by the Chinese army under orders from Chiang Kai-shek. This established Mao Zedong as the leader

Impact of Japanese invasion on Civil War

China was occupied by Japan at the time, Communists were just better at fighting off the Japanese than the provisional government

Taiwan

About 100 miles off China's southeastern coast,used to be a providence of China for several hundereds years, and the people of China fled to this country for nationalism

people's communes

The communes had governmental, political, and economic functions during the Cultural Revolution. The people's commune was commonly known for collectivizing living and working practices, especially during the Great Leap Forward.

Great Leap Forward

Started by Mao Zedong, combined collective farms into People's Communes, failed because there was no incentive to work harder, ended after 2 years.

Cultural Revolution

(1966-1976) Political policy in started in China by Mao Zedong to eliminate his rivals and train a new generation in the revolutionary spirit that created communist China. The Cultural Revolution resulted in beatings, terror, mass jailings, and the deaths of thousands.

Sino-Soviet Split

A rift in the 1960s between the communist powers of the Soviet Union and china, fueled by China's opposition to Soviet moves toward peaceful coexistence with the US

Deng Xiaoping

Communist Party leader who seen as responsible for Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong in 1976.

Tianamen Square

Young Chinese students tried to protest and reform the Chinese communist government. They built a statue honoring the Statue of Liberty in the US. The Chinese troops sent in to crush their rebellion and arrest the leaders.

One-Child Policy

A program established by the Chinese government in 1979 to slow population growth in China.

European Economic Community (EEC)

Free trade zone in Western Europe created by Treaty of Rome in 1957. Often referred to as the "Common Market," this collection of countries originally included France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. The body eventually expanded to become the European Union, which by 2005 included 27 member states.

Marshall Plan

A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe.

North Atlantic Treaty

a group of 28 countries that has agreed to protect each other in case of USSR attack; founded in 1949

Warsaw Pact

An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO

Iron Curtain

Winston Churchill's term for the Cold War division between the Soviet-dominated East and the U.S.-dominated West.

Berlin Wall

A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West

Berlin Airlift

airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin

Korean War

The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea. Resulted in a stalemate and no official "end.'

38th Parallel

Dividing line between North and South Korea

Vietnam War

A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States.

Afghanistan Conflict

Unrest starting in 1979 with rebellions against the government. 100,000 Soviet troops defended the government, but unable to subdue the rebellion, they withdrew in 1989. The government collapsed in 1992, and the Taliban took control in 1995.

Domino Theory

The US theory that stated, if one country would fall to Communism then they all would.

Nuclear Arms Race

the Cold War competition between superpowers to develop more powerful and greater numbers of nuclear weapons. A "balance of terror," was established, meaning that if one country were to nuke the other, the other countries would be able to destruct the offender

James Bond

Fictional British spy invented during the Cold War by novelist Ian Fleming. A perfect example of Cold War fiction, this spy represents the ideal Westerner intellectually, physically, and technologically.

Nikita Khrushchev

ruled the USSR from 1958-1964; lessened government control of soviet citizens; seeked peaceful coexistence with the West instead of confrontation

Fidel Castro

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927)

Cuban Missile Crisis

The 1962 confrontation between US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba.

Resolution:

The USSR would remove their missiles from Cuba IF the U.S. promised to stop attempting to assassinate Fidel Castro, and remove missiles from Turkey

De-Stalinization

social process of neutralizing the influence of Joseph Stalin by revising his policies and removing monuments dedicated to him and renaming places named in his honor

Detente

A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.

Perestroika

A policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society

Glasnost

A policy of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev which called for more openness with the nations of West, and a relaxing of restraints on Soviet citizenry.

"Miracle Year" of 1989

Massive demonstrations, last-minute efforts at reforms, and the breaching of the Berlin Wall, lead to the overthrowing of communism in Eastern Europe.

Boris Yeltsin

President of the Russian Republic in 1991. Helped end the USSR and force Gorbachev to resign.

Socialist Realism

Artistic style whose goal was to promote socialism by showing Soviet life in a positive light

Ronald Reagan

1981-1989," Great Communicator" Republican, conservative economic policies, replaced liberal Democrats in upper house with conservative Democrats or "boll weevils" at reelection time, Jesse Jackson first black presidential candidate, Geraldine Ferraro as VP running mate (first woman)

Margaret Thatcher

leader of conservatives in Great Britain who came to power. Pledged to limit social welfare, restrict union power, and end inflation. Formed Thatcherism, in which her economic policy was termed, and improved the British economic situation. She dominated British politics in 1980s, and her government tried to replace local property taxes with a flat-rate tax payable by every adult. Her popularity fell, and resigned.

national self-determination

The notion that peoples should be able to choose their own national governments through democratic majority-rule elections and live free from outside interference in nation-states with clearly defined borders.

Conjucture

The belief that de-colonization happened due to a variety of factors, which collectively resulted in de-colonization

Indian National Congress

A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor.

Mohandas Gandhi

Leader of the Indian independence movement and advocate of nonviolent resistance. After being educated as a lawyer in England, he returned to India and became leader of the Indian National Congress in 1920.

-> Against modernization

-> Against partition

Jawaharlal Nehru

First prime minister of India, advocated for India's release from British rule, for partition and modernization

Muslim League

Protected Muslim rights, supported partition and wanted Muslim minority in India to be represented

Partition of India

Change of political borders in India, resulting in the creation of a new country, Pakistan. This resulted in several families being separated, and countless lives lost from the migration. Furthermore, this resulted in the devolution of power from the British Raj to India and Pakistan, marking independence.

Nonalignment

Prevented India and other developing countries from being involved in the Cold War--essentially these countries were neutral

Ho Chi Minh

Supported the anti-colonial movement, the leader of the nationalist movement in Vietnam, proponent of Communism.

Balfour Declaration

Issued by the British government in 1917, declared the establishment of Palestine as the national home of the Jewish people.

Palestine

Also called Holy Land. Biblical name, Canaan. an ancient country in SW Asia, on the E coast of the Mediterranean.

Israel

A Jewish state on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean, both in antiquity and again founded in 1948 after centuries of Jewish diaspora.

Intifada

an uprising by Palestinian Arabs (in both the Gaza Strip and the West Bank) against Israel in the late 1980s and again in 2000

Gamal Abdel Nasser

Arab leader, set out to modernize Egypt and end western domination, nationalized the Suez canal, led two wars against the Zionist state, remained a symbol of independence and pride, returned to socialism, nationalized banks and businesses, limited economic policies

Muslim Brotherhood

Egyptian religious and nationalist movement founded by Hasan al-Banna in 1928; became an example for later fundamentalist movements in the Islamic world.

Suez Crisis

July 26, 1956, Nasser (leader of Egypt) nationalized the Suez Canal, Oct. 29, British, French and Israeli forces attacked Egypt. UN forced British to withdraw; made it clear Britain was no longer a world power

Algeria

conflict between France and Algerian independence movements; led to Algerian independence from France

Negritude

Literary movement in Africa; attempted to combat racial stereotypes of African culture; celebrated the beauty of black skin and African physique; associated with origins of African nationalist movements.

Kwame Nkrumah

Leader of nonviolent protests for freedom on the Gold Coast (Ghana). When independence was gained, he became the first prime minister of Ghana. He developed economic projects, but was criticized for spending too much time on Pan-African efforts and neglecting his own countries' issues

jomo Kenyatta

A nationalist leader who fought to end oppressive laws against Africans; later became the first Prime Minister of Kenya

Nelson mandela

South African statesman who was released from prison to become the nation's first democratically elected president in 1994 (born in 1918). Fought against apartheid

Islamic Fundamentalism

A movement among many Muslims to return to the fundamentals of Islamic Faith, Life, and Society.

Jihad

A holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal

Iranian Revolution

(1978-1979) a revolution against the shah of Iran led by the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, which resulted in Iran becoming an Islamic republic with Khomeini as its leader. Primarily due to contrasting ideas of Westernization

Ayatollah Khomein

led Iranian Revolution, created Iranian theocracy

overthrew the Shah Pahlavi

became supreme leader of Iran

hatred against U.S. (Iranian Hostage Crisis)

Shah's supporters executed

Universities purged

Moral police

Limited women's rights

Anti-Israel, anti-U.S. ("Great Satan")

Hostage Crisis

Saddam Hussein

Was a dictator in Iraq who tried to take over Iran and Kuwait violently in order to gain the land and the resources. He also refused to let the UN into Iraq in order to check if the country was secretly holding weapons of mass destruction.

Mahmoud Ahmadinejad

President of Iran from 2005 to 2013

Diego Rivera

Mexican Muralist who created artworks in Mexico and the U.S. focusing on political messages.

Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Getúlio Vargas

Elected president of Brazil in 1929; launched centralized political program by imposing federal administrators over state governments; held off coups by communists in 1935 and fascists in 1937; imposed a new constitution based on Mussolini's Italy; leaned to communists after 1949; committed suicide in 1954.

"Good Neighbor Policy"

Franklin D. Roosevelt policy in which the U.S. pledged that the U.S. would no longer intervene in the internal affairs of Latin American countries. This reversed Teddy Roosevelt's Big Stick Policy.

Anastacio Somoza Garcia

placed as the commander of the Guard in Nicaragua by the U.S.; became president of his country after he ordered the death of Sandino; a very good neighbor to U.S. especially since he outlawed communism, and gave the U.S. bases to attack Cuban forces.

Lazaros Cardena

Wanted land distribution to go to the Mexican government and people, nationalized petroleum industries in Mexico, United States was slightly alarmed since it looked like Communism, but didn't act upon it

Carmen Miranda

a Portuguese Brazilian samba singer, dancer, Broadway actress, and film star who was popular from the 1930s to the 1950s. Thought to be too Americanized

PEMEX

Mexican Petroleum; a government agency that runs the oil industry in Mexico, happened under Cardenas

Juan Peron

President of Argentina (1946-1955, 1973-1974). As a military officer, he championed the rights of labor. Despite being extremely authoritarian, he was well-liked by his people since he removed the American sphere of influence, and began to industrialize Argentina.

Eva Peron

Wife of Juan Peron and champion of the poor in Argentina. She was a gifted speaker and popular political leader who campaigned to improve the life of the urban poor by founding schools and hospitals and providing other social benefits.

Sandinistas

Members of a leftist coalition that overthrew the Nicaraguan dictatorship of Anastasia Somoza in 1979 and attempted to install a socialist economy. The United States financed armed opposition by the Contras. They lost national elections in 1990.

Contras

A Nicaraguan rebel group that got financial support from the CIA. (who sold weapons to Iran to fund the Contras) This group was formed as a response to the overthrowing of Anastazio Somoza Debayle

Augusto Pinochet

Chilean military leader who in a coup deposed Salvador Allende - authoritarian but promised to never be communist - created one party rule dictatorship - ruled w/ iron fist - human rights abuses

Diego Rivera

Mexican Muralist who created artworks in Mexico and the U.S. focusing on political messages.

The History of Mexico Mexican Muralist Movement

Wanted to publicize art about various ideas (nationalism, indigenous pride, socialism)

Existentialism

A philosophy based on the idea that people give meaning to their lives through their choices and actions

"Existence before Essence" -> You're born without a predetermined meaning, it is your job to find one

Soren

Danish philosopher, founder of existentianalism, said "truth is subjectivity", religion is a personal matter, and relationships with God require suffering, wrote "Either/Or", The Sickness Unto Death"