Celle biologi

Forskellen mellem en eukaryot og en prokaryot

tilstedeværelens af en cellekerne (nucleus) og størrelsen

Prokaryot

Bacteria and archaea

Mitokondrier

In all aerobic organisms, produce ATP by cellular respiration

Contain a smooth outer and a convoluted inner membrane

Contain their own DNA and reproduce by dividing in two

Chloroplasts

Outer membrane, inner membrane and chlorophyll-containing membranes

Perform photosynthesis: produce sugar molecules and release oxygen

Contain their own DNA and reproduce by dividing in two

Endoplasmic reticulum

irregular maze of interconnected spaces enclosed by a membrane.

It is the site where most cell membrane components, as well as materials destined for export from the cell, are made.

This organelle is especially extensive in cells that are specialized to secrete large amounts of protein

Golgi apparatus

Modifies and packages molecules made in the ER that are destined to be either secreted from the cell or transported to another cell compartment

Stacks of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs

Only a single membrane

Sorting facillity (“posthus”)

Material transport byvvesicle budding and fusion

Lysosomes

Small, irregularly shaped organelles

Which intracellular digestion occurs, releasing nutrients from ingested food particles into the cytosol and breaking down unwanted molecules for either recycling within the cell or excretion from the cell

Peroxisomes

Small, membrane-enclosed vesicles

Provide a sequestered environment for a variety of reactions in which hydrogen peroxide is used to inactivate toxic molecules

Transport vesicles

Ferry materials between one membrane-enclosed organelle and another

hvad er “Chaperone”

bind partially folded polypeptides and assist their folding

hvad er “Prions”

misfolded proteins that can transmit their conformation to normally folded proteins

Antibodies

produkt af kroppens imunforsvar som svar på fremmede molekyler

Protease

enzym der nedbryder proteiner

Antigen

stof der kan stimulere kroppens immunforsvar til at reagere

motorproteiner

bruger konformationsændringer til at skabe rettede bevægleser i cellen

Hydrolase

enzym der katalysere en hydrolytisk kløvning

Nuclease

enzym der bryder nukleotid syre ved hydrolysere bindingerne mellem nukleotiderne

Ligase

enzym der binder to molekyler sammen, fx når de to DNA stregne sættes sammen

Isomerase

enzym der katalysere rearrangeret af bond i et molekyle

Polymerase

enzym der katalysere reaktions som fx. dannelsen af DNA og RNA

Kinase

enzym der katalysere additionen af phosphat grupper til molekyler.

Phosphatase

Enzym der katalyseres det hydrolytiske elimination af en phosphat gruppe fra et molekyle

Oxidoreduktase, Oxidase, Reduktase eller dehydrogenase

enzym der katalysere en reaktion hvor ved et molekyle bliver oxideret og et andet bliver reduseret

ATPase

enzym der hydrolysere ATP

Pinocytosis

celle drinking

Phagocytosis

celle spisning

Synaptotagmin

enzym der bruges sammen med calium?