electron pair sharing reaction

Heterolytic Fission

A type of bond cleavage where one atom takes both electrons from the bond, resulting in the formation of a cation and an anion.

Homolytic Fission

A type of bond cleavage where each atom involved in the bond takes one electron, resulting in the formation of two free radicals.

Nucleophile

A species that donates an electron pair to form a new covalent bond, often attacking electrophiles in chemical reactions.

Electrophile

An electron-deficient species that accepts an electron pair from a nucleophile to form a new covalent bond.

Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction

A reaction where a nucleophile attacks a substrate, causing a leaving group to depart and forming a new product.

Curly Arrow

A notation used in chemical equations to represent the movement of an electron pair during bond formation or cleavage.

Anion

A negatively charged ion formed when an atom gains one or more electrons.

Cation

A positively charged ion formed when an atom loses one or more electrons.

Electronegativity

A measure of an atom's ability to attract and hold onto electrons; affects the distribution of electrons during bond cleavage.

Hydrogenation

A chemical reaction that involves the addition of hydrogen to unsaturated compounds, converting them into saturated compounds.

Addition Reaction

A reaction where two or more reactants combine to form a single product, often involving the addition of atoms or groups across a double bond.

Bromine Water Test

A qualitative test used to identify the presence of double bonds in hydrocarbons, where the brown color of bromine water disappears upon reaction with alkenes.

Degree of Unsaturation

A measure of the number of hydrogen atoms that can be added to a compound to convert it to a saturated form; indicates the presence of double or triple bonds.

Coordination Bond

A type of bond formed when one atom donates a pair of electrons to another atom, often seen in reactions involving electrophiles and nucleophiles.