AP HUG Chapter 10: Agriculture

● Commercial agriculture

________: Large- scale farming and ranching operations that employ vast land bases, large mechanized equipment, factory- type labor forces, and the latest technology ○ Roots in colonial economic system ○ Today, global production made possible by advances in transportation and food storage (esp.

● 2nd Agricultural Revolution

(Industrial Revolution) A series of innovations, improvements, and techniques used to improve the output of agricultural surpluses ○ New tools ○ Advances in livestock breeding ○ New fertilizers *Shift from subsistence to surplus 3rd Agriculture Revolution (Green Revolution) ● Began in (1930s) U.S. Midwest, then applied to less wealthy countries *Tech-manipulated seed varieties to produce higher yields ● Invention of high-yield grains, especially rice, with goal of reducing hunger ○ Increased production of rice ○ New varieties of wheat and corn ○ Reduced famines due to crop failure ○ Most famines today due to political problems ○ Impact (in terms of hunger) greatest where rice is produced Opposition to Green Revolution ● Vulnerability to climate changes/pests ● Soil erosion from increased pesticides ● Water shortages ● Micronutrient deficiencies ● Dependency on chemicals for production ● Loss of control over seeds ● Genetically modified (GM) crops What Imprint Does Agriculture Make on the Cultural Landscape

● Commercial agriculture

Large-scale farming and ranching operations that employ vast land bases, large mechanized equipment, factory-type labor forces, and the latest technology ○ Roots in colonial economic system ○ Today, global production made possible by advances in transportation and food storage (esp

Primary economic activities

Products closest to the ground

Secondary economic activities

Manufacturing of primary products into new products

Tertiary economic activities

Services, connecting producers to consumers to facilitate trade

Quaternary economic activities

Information or the exchange of goods-knowledge based research services

Subsistence Agriculture

Strict meaning: Farmers produce enough for themselves and their families and do not enter the cash economy at all
Today: usually sell small amounts in the market

Shifting Cultivation

Shifting fields to find better land

Sawah

a flooded field for growing rice

Swidden

a patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning

2nd Agricultural Revolution

A series of innovations, improvements, and techniques used to improve the output of agricultural surpluses

3rd Agriculture Revolution (Green Revolution)

Invention of high-yield grains, especially rice, with goal of reducing hunger

Cadastral systems

land survey

Township and Range System or “rectangular survey system”

Based on a grid system that creates 1-square-mile sections (Homestead act)

Metes and Bounds Survey

Uses natural features to demarcate irregular parcels of land

Long-lot Survey System

Divides land into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals

Commercial agriculture

Large-scale farming and ranching operations that employ vast land bases, large mechanized equipment, factory-type labor forces, and the latest technology

Agribusiness

Businesses that province vast array of goods and services to support the agricultural industry

Urban Sprawl

cities expanding

Von Thünen Model

Variation in products by distance from the town, with livestock raising farthest away

Friction of distance

The farther away something is, the more expensive it is