Motivation and Emotion

These flashcards cover key concepts related to motivation and emotion, including theories of motivation, emotional theories, and definitions related to physiological and psychological needs.

Motivation

The process that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented behaviors.

Drive-reduction Theory

A theory that explains motivation as a process of reducing an uncomfortable internal state caused by unmet needs.

Homeostasis

A state of balanced internal conditions necessary for survival.

Primary Drives

Basic needs such as hunger, thirst, and warmth that motivate behavior.

Secondary Drives

Drives that are learned through experience, not directly related to biological needs, such as the need for achievement or affiliation.

Arousal Theory

The theory suggesting that individuals are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal, seeking to avoid both underarousal and overarousal.

Self-Determination Theory

A theory that suggests humans are motivated by the needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A motivational theory proposing that humans have different classes of needs, arranged in a hierarchy from physiological needs to self-actualization.

James-Lange Theory

A theory that states emotions result from the perception of physiological reactions to stimuli.

Cannon-Bard Theory

A theory suggesting that emotional stimuli trigger both physiological responses and subjective feelings simultaneously.

Schachter-Singer Two Factor Theory

A theory proposing that emotion is based on physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal.

Lazarus’s Cognitive-Mediational Theory

A theory stating that our cognitive appraisal of a situation determines our emotional response.

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

The theory that one's facial expression can influence their emotional experience.

Display Rules

Cultural norms dictating the appropriate expressions of emotion in different situations.

Innate Instincts

Behaviors that are genetically programmed and motivated by biological needs.

Negative Feedback Loop

A biological system that monitors and adjusts physiological processes to maintain homeostasis.

Set Points

The optimal levels of various bodily processes, such as temperature or weight, that organisms aim to maintain.