UNIT 1.1: The Global Tapestry from C.1200 to C.1450

Between 1200-1450 all empires were shaped in the context of what

Regional Trade

What was the wealthiest and most innovative empire in the world between 1200-1450.

China

The rise of the Aztec in Mesoamerica was influenced by what previous empire.

The Mayans

Trade across the Sahara resulted in what West African empires.

Ghana and Mali

Trade across the Indian Ocean provided context for Large States and small/medium sized states in.

Zimbabwe, East Africa, India, Southeast Asia

Who were the Mongols.

A group of nomads from Central Asia.

What group unified central Eurasia.

The Mongols

What lands the the Mongols conquer.

The Mongols counquered land from Central Europe to the Pacific Ocean.

Who created the Largest land empire in human history.

The Mongols.

What was a positive effect of the Mongols unifying Central Eurasia.

It allowed trade to flourish across Eurasia; new ideas and technology spread easily.

What was the leading example of diversity and innovation in Afro-Eurasia and the Americas during the 13th century.

The Song Dynasty in China.

Neo-Confucian teachings did what in China.

It supported the government and shaped social classes and the family system.

China had the greastest ______________

Manufactoring capability in the world.

What is considered to be the most enduring testimony to chinese influence.

The spread of Confucianism and Buddhism.

What dynasty did the Song replaced and when did they replace them.

The Song Dynasty replaced the Tang Dynasty in 960.

Who was the first emperor during the Song Dynasty.

Zhao Kuangyin

What was Zhoa Kuangyin also recognized as.

Taizu

From what period did Zhoa Kuangyin rule.

960-976

Who did the Song Dynasty lose control of northern lands to.

Invading Pastoralist from Manchuria who set up the Jin Empire.

What was the Chinese Imperial Bureaucracy.

A vast organization in which appointed officials carried out the empire’s policies.

The bureaucracy has been a feature of Chinese government since what Dynasty.

The Qin Dynasty.

What was the Civil Service Exam.

A test based on knowledge of Confucian texts.

How did Zhou Kuangyin(Taizu) improve education in China.

He expanded the educational oppotunities to young men of the lower classes so they could score well on the Civil Service Exam.

What was the benift to scoring well on the Civil Service exam.

By scoring well a young man could obtain a highly desired job in the bureaucracy.

China’s bureaucratic system was known as what.

Meritocracy.

What hiring system allowed for upwards mobility during 1200-1450.

The Chinese system.

How did the China’s large bureaucracy contribute to the empires weakness by the end of the Song Dynasty.

By creating so many jobs and paying government officials so handsomely, the Song increased the cost of government to the point that they began drying up China’s surplus wealth.

What did the Tang Dynasty do that led to the rapid prosperity and population growth seen during the Song Dynasty.

The Tang Dynasty had successfuly promoted agricultural development, improved roads and canals, encouraged foreign trade, and spread technology.

What was the Grand Canal.

The Grand Canal was an inexpensive and effiecient internal waterway transportation system that expanded over 30,000 miles.

Who expanded the Grand Canal and what was the effect of it.

The Song Dynasty expanding the Grand Canal enabled China to become the most populous trading area in the world.

Who made the first guns.

The Song Dynasty in China.

How did techonology of making gunpowder and guns spread for china to all parts of Eurasia.

The Silk Road

What was the Silk Road.

A network of paths connecting civilizations in the East and West.

What was Champa rice and where did it came from.

Champa rice was a fast-ripening and drought-resistant strain of rice from the Champa Kingdom in present day Vietnam.

How was Champa rice created and why was it important.

Champa rice was created through experimentation. Champa rice allowed farming to spread to lands where rice could not grow and allowed farmers to grow two crops of rice per year, a summer crop, and winter crop in some areas.

How did chinese farmers improve agriculture during the Song Dynasty.

They put manure on the on fields, built irrigation systems using ditches, water weels, and terraces to improve productivity. New heavy plows built by water buffalo or oxen allowed previously unusable land to be cultivated.

What caused the population boom that resulted in China’s population growing from around 25% of the world’s population to nearly 40% during the Song Dynasty.

An abundance of food.

What civilization first created steel.

China.

What did China experience under the Song Dynasty.

Proto-industrialization.

What were some things Chinese artisans created.

Steel, porcelian, and silk.

Why was porcelain highly desired.

Porcelain was highly desired because it was lightweight but strong and it was lightly colored so it could be easily painted with elaborate designs.

How did China improve their navigation and seafaring.

They used compass in maritime navigation, redesigned their ship to carry more cargo, printed paper navigation charts.

During this period what was the world’s most commercialized society.

China

China’s economy changed from local consumption to what?

Market production.

What allowed China to control trade in the South China Sea.

Advances in naval technology.

What distinguished China's approach to constructing public projects from that of other states during this period?

Instead of requiring that people work on these projects, the government paid people to work on them. This promoted economic growth.

What did the Chinese tributary system do.

Provide another income source for the Chinese government, cemented China’s economic and political power over several foreign countries, created stabiltiy and trade for all parties involved.

What were China’s tributary states during the Song Dynasty.

Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and kingdoms throughout Southeast Asia.

What did the emperor expect the representatives from tributary states to do to demonstrate their respect.

The emperor expected the tributary states to demonstrate their respect by performing a kowtow.

Who were the fleets sent by China to demonstate the emperor’s power and receive tribute led by.

Zheng He

During this time what was the most urbanized land in the world during this time.

The Song Dynasty in China

What social class was created by the bureaucratic expansion during the Song Dynasty.

The Scholar Gentry.

What classes were ranked below the Scholar Gentry.

Farmers, artisans, and mechants.

Why were merchants ranked so low during the Song Dynasty.

The low status of merchants reflected Confucian respect for hard work and creating value. Merchants simply exhanged goods without growing or making anything new.

How did the Song government help the poor?

The Song government provide aid to the poor and established public hospitals where people could receive free care.

What were the roles of women during the Song Dynasty.

Confucian traditions included both respect for women and the expectation that they would defer to men.

In what class was it most common for women to foot bind in the Song Dynasty.

Aristocrats.

Why did Chinese women pratice foot binding.

Foot binding was a path to a good life and life for many Chinese women.

What was the first culture to use Woodblock printing?

China.

What expanded the availability of books during the Song Dynasty.

The development of paper and printing.

What group consumed literature at tremendous rates and were major producers of literature during the Song Dynasty.

Confucian Scholars.

The Tang and Song Dynasty emphasis on schooling created generations of what.

Well-rounded cholar-bureaucrats.

Where did Buddhism originate.

Buddhism had come to China from its birthplace in India via the Silk Roads.

When did Buddhism become widespread.

Buddhism’s popularity became widespread during the Tang Dynasty.

Who helped build Buddhism’s popularity during the 7th century.

Buddhist monk Xuanzang.

What did Theravada Buddhism focuse on.

Therevada Buddhism focuse on personal spirtual growth through silent meditation and self-discipline.

Where was Theravada Buddhism strongest.

Theravada Buddhism was strongest in Southest Asia.

What did Mahayana Buddhism focuse on.

Mahayana Buddhism focused on spirtual growth for all beings and on service.

Where was Mahayana Buddhism strongest.

Mahayana Buddhism was strongest in China and Korea.

What did Tibetan Buddhism focuse on.

Tibetan Buddhism focused on chanting.

Where was Tibetan Buddhism strongest.

Tibetan Buddhism was strongest in Tibet.

What two thing did Mayahana, Terevana, and Tibetan Buddhism include a belief in.

Four Nobel Truths and Eight-Fold Path.

How did monks introduce Buddhism to the chinese.

Monks introduced Buddhism to the chinese by relating its belief to Doaist principles.

Buddhist doctrines combined with elements of Daoist traditions to create the syncretic or fused what ___?.

Chan Buddhism.

Chan Buddhism is also known as.

Zen Buddhism.

What did Zen Buddhsim emphasize?

Zen Buddhism emphasized direct experience and meditation as opposed to formal learning based on studying scripture.

Why did the Tang Dynasty have an issue with Buddhism?

The Tang Dynasty considered itself the middle kingdom and as a result of that it had difficulties accepting that a foreign religion would have such a prominence in society.

The development of what made Buddhist scriptures widely available to the Confucian scholar gentry.?

The development of printing.

What Confucian idea did the Song Dynasty benefit greatly from?

Filial Piety. The emphasis on respect for one’s elders helped the Song Dynasty maintain their rule in China.

Where did Neo-Confucianism evolve?

China.

When did Neo-Confucianism get created?

Between 770 and 840.

What belief systems were combined to create Neo-Confucianism?

Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism. Neo-Confucianism was a syncretic sytem; it combined rational thought with the more abstract ideas of Daoism and Buddhism.

What did Neo-Confucianism emphasize?

Neo-Confucianism emphasized ethics rather than the mysteries of God and nature.

Where was Neo-Confucianism popular?

China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam.

What was special about Japan’s relationship with China?

Since Japan was seperated from China by sea rather than land, it had more ability to control its interations with China than Korea or Vietnam could.

What is Japan’s traditional religion?

Shinto.

What is Japan’s Shinto religion?

Shinto is Japan's indigenous religion, emphasizing a deep connection with nature and spirits called kami.

What Japanese prince promoted Buddhism and Confucianism along with Japans traditional Shinto religion?

Prince Shotoku Taishi (574-622).

From who did Japan learn woodblock printing?

China.

During what period did Japan emulate Chinese traditions in politics, art, and literature?

The Heian period(794-1185).

What was the world’s first novel? It was written in the 11th century by a Japanese writer.

The world’s first novel was the Tale of Genji. It’s the story of a Japanese prince and his life at court, particulary his many romances.

What type of society was Japan?

Japan was a fuedal society without a centralized government.

What were the landowning aristocrats in Japan called?

The Daimyo.

Majority of people worked as what in Japan?

Rice farmers.

How was Japanese Fuedalism similar to European Feudalism?

Little social mobility, and both systems were built upon hereditary hierarchies.

How was Japanese Fuedalism different from European Fuedalism?

The Daimyo were more powerful than the nobility, emperor, or shogun.

In Europe the ideal knight held to what code?

The code of chilvalry.

What were the ideas of the code of chilvalry?

Duty to countrymen, duty to god, and duty to women.

What was the code in Japan?

In Japan the code was known as Bushido.

What did Bushido stress?

Bushido stressed frugality, loyalty, the martial arts, and honor unto death.