nervous system (NH)

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cerebellum

coordination, movement, balance

cerebrum

memory, behavior, learning, reasoning, and interpretation of sensory input

midbrain

auditory and visual reflexes

medulla oblongata

involuntary life supporting measures

dendrites

fibrous roots that branch out from the cell body, receiving and processing signals from the axons of other neurons

diencephalon

area between the cerebrum and brainstem

fissures

deep grooves between the folds of the cerebrum

gyri (gyrus)

folds on the surface of the cerebrum

sulci

(low) grooves between the folds of the cerebrum

central sulcus

separates the frontal lobe from eh parietal lobe

diencephalon

between brainstem and cerebrum

thalamus

air traffic controller; regulating, filters, and routes all incoming sensory and motor information

hypothalamus

homeostasis

pituitary gland

master gland, regulates endocrine system

choroid plexus

produces CSF

how much CSF produced daily?

500 ml

how much CSF is in nervous system at any given time?

125 ml

arachnoid granulations

absorb CSF

hydrocephalus

abnormal buildup of CSF in ventricles

• solved by a shunt (device)

shunt

drains the excess fluid into chest or abdomen

corpus callosum

connects R and L hemisphere

tracts

spinal pathways that connect the spinal cord with brain

dermatome

areas of the body / part of skin innervated by spinal nerves

PNS

somatic, automatic NS

pons

breathing, sleeping

midbrain

process motor and hearing information

diencephalon

thalamus and hypothalamus

brainstem

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

reticular formation

regulating sleep-wake cycles, alertness, consciousness, attention

limbic system

controlling emotions, reproduction, memory

• HIPPO HAT

  • HIPPO = hippocampus

  • H = hypothalamus

  • A = amygdala (& mammary)

  • T = thalamus

white matter is divided into?

funiculi, column

gray matter is divided into?

horn

where does the spinal cord end at?

conus medullaris

cauda equina

• horse’s tail

• spinal cord nerves continuing downward

plexus

spinal nerves enter and nerves exit containing a combination of spinal nerves

median nerve

involved in carpal tunnel syndrome

sciatic nerve

carpal tunnel

pressure on median nerve as it passes through narrow passageway in the wrist leading to numbness, tingling, burning, or weakness in all fingers except pinkie

sciatica

pain that spreads from the lower back, through your butt, and down one leg

sciatic nerve

located in the upper leg, thigh area

Cranial Nerve I (1)

Olfactory - Smell, sensory

Test: Test each of the patient's nostrils to see if they can smell the clove or peppermint.

Cranial Nerve II (2)

Optic - Vision, sensory

Test: Use visual acuity chart.

Cranial Nerve III (3)

Oculomotor - Eye movement; pupil dilation, motor

Test: Have pt blink their eyes.

Cranial Nerve IV (4)

Trochlear - Eye movement, motor

Test: Have pt look down.

Cranial Nerve V (5)

Trigeminal - Somatosensory information (touch, pain) from the face and head; muscles for chewing, both

Test: Clench jaw. Test for feeling by lightly touching forehead, cheek and jaw.

Cranial Nerve VI (6)

Abducens - Eye movement, motor

Test: Have pt look to each side.

Cranial Nerve VII (7)

Facial - Taste and facial expression, both

Test: Smile; look for symmetry in the face.

Cranial Nerve VIII (8)

Vestibulocochlear - Hearing and balance, sensory

Test: Snap fingers beside pt ear, have them stand on one foot.

Cranial Nerve IX (9)

Glossopharyngeal - Taste and ability to swallow, both

Test: Gag reflex

Cranial Nerve X (10)

Vagus (wandering nerve) - Internal organs, both

Test: pulse

Cranial Nerve XI (11)

Accessory - Muscles of neck, motor

Test: shrug shoulders and look for symmetry, turn head side to side.

Cranial Nerve XII (12)

Hypoglossal - Tongue movement, motor

Test: stick tongue out

cervical nerve plexus

• C1 - C4

• nerves of neck, back of head

brachial nerve plexus

• C5 - T1

• nerves of upper limb

lumbar nerve plexus

• L1 - L4

• nerves of upper leg

sacral nerve plexus

• L4 - S4

• nerves of lower leg

astrocytes

• star-shaped

• regulate electrolytes

oligodendrocytes

produce myelin

ependymal cells

produce CSF

microglia

clean up debris

dopamine

pleasure and motivation

methamphetamine

attach to dopamine receptors to increase effects of dopamine

cocaine

blocks proteins involved in recycling dopamine → more dopamine in synaptic cleft

acetylcholine

attach to cholinergic receptors

gamma amino butyric acid (GABA)

decrease anxiety & blood pressure, promoting calming effect, plays role in pain/sleep

serotonin

memory, learning, depression

monoamine oxidase

breaks up serotonin

selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)

block transport protein causing more serotonin to remain in cleft

is the babinski reflex in adults good?

not normal & shows CNS damage

is the babinski reflex in babies good?

yes, because myelination is not fully completed and the infant brain is not fully developed.

upper motor neuron damage

reflex is exaggerated

• caused by stroke

lower motor neuron damage

reflex is inhibited or low

• caused by spinal disc rupture, peripheral nerve problems

saltatory conduction

fast way electrical signals jump down myelinated nerve fiber

multipolar neuron

one cell body, many dendrites, one axon

bipolar neuron

one cell body, one dendrite, one axon

unipolar neuron

one cell body, no separate dendrite, one process that branches & acts like dendrite/axon

ganglion

group of nerve cell bodies in PNS

interneuron

conveys impulses from sensory neuron to motor neuron

sensory neurons

• afferent

• convey impulses TO & ARRIVE at cns

motor neurons

• efferent

• convey impulses FROM & EXIT cns

basal ganglia

control and fine tune voluntary motor movements

sympathetic neuron

adrenergic

parasympathetic neuron

cholinergic