COMD 474 exam 1 limbic system, basal ganglia lesions/disorders

Which limbic structures are related to short-term memory?

Hippocampus, fornix, cingulate gyrus, amygdala.

What is the limbic system involved in?

Memory, emotion, and connections between brain regions.

What happens with bilateral hippocampus/amygdala lesions?

Short-term memory loss; long-term memory is preserved.

What are the parts of the basal ganglia?

Caudate, lenticular, putamen, globus pallidus, internal capsule.

What is the main function of the basal ganglia?

Regulates and coordinates movement.

What else does the basal ganglia help control?

Posture, balance, muscle tone, and locomotion.

What happens with basal ganglia lesions?

Abnormal movements.

Akinesia

lack of movement

Bradykinesia

slow movement

Dystonia

involuntary muscle contractions

Rigidity

stiff muscles

Chorea

rapid, jerky movements

Athetosis

slow, writhing movements

Ballismus

violent flinging movements

Parkinson’s

• Hypokinetic

• Resting tremor

• Rigidity

• Bradykinesia

• Dopamine deficiency

Huntington’s

• Hyperkinetic

• Chorea

• Rigidity

Tourette

• Motor tics

• May include excessive throat clearing/coprolalia

Diencephalon- 3 major parts

Thalamus, hypothalamus, reticular formation.

What does the thalamus do?

Relays sensory information to the cortex.

What does the hypothalamus control?

Temperature, hunger, thirst, metabolism, emotions, and ANS.

What does the reticular formation control?

Wakefulness, consciousness, and attention.

What are the 3 parts of the brainstem?

Midbrain, pons, medulla.

What is the main function of the brainstem?

Carries motor/sensory information and contains cranial nerve functions.

Where is the midbrain?

Between the pons and diencephalon.

What is found in the midbrain?

Cerebral aqueduct, cerebral peduncles, colliculi.

Where is the pons?

Between the midbrain and medulla.

Which cranial nerves are associated with the pons?

CN V, VII, and VIII.

What does the medulla control?

Breathing, heart activity, and blood vessel constriction.

Where is the medulla?

Between the pons and spinal cord.

What are the main parts of the cerebellum?

Vermis and cerebellar peduncles.

What are the 3 cerebellar peduncles?

Superior, middle, inferior.

What does the cerebellum do?

Coordinates movement, timing, balance, and muscle activity.

What does the cerebellum compare?

Intended movement vs. actual movement.