Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings Cultural Developments (600 BCE - 600 CE)

Where is Sanchi Kanakhera located?

Bhopal

Who was the nawab of Bhopal?

Sahjehan Begum

Who was the successor to Shahjehan Begum?

Sultan Jehan Begum

What did the French and British want from Sanchi?

The eastern gateway of the stupa

They were given replicas

How has the Sanchi stupa been preserved?

The begum and her successor gave money to preserve and write books on it

Who was John Marshall?

Wrote volumes on Sanchi stupa

Who was Agni?

God of fire

What is the turning point of world history?

Mid-first millennium BCE

Iranian thinker

Zarathustra

Chinese thinker

Kong Zi

Greek thinkers

Socrates, Plato and Aristotle

Indian thinkers

Mahavira and Gautama Buddha

When was the Rigveda complied?

1500 and 1000 BCE

Which deities were praised?

Agni, Indra and Soma

What did the Rigveda consist of?

Hymns which were chanted during sacrifices for cattle, sons and good health

When were sacrifices performed collectively?

1000 BCE - 500 BCE

Who sacrifices did chief and kings perform? Depended on Brahmana priests to conduct it

Rajasuya and Ashvamedha

How many Buddhists sects were there?

64

What was a hut with a pointed roof called? Debates used to take place here

Kutagarshala

What did the Upanishads say?

Meaning of life

Life after death

Rebirth

What happened if a philosopher convinces one of his rivals?

They would become his disciple.

Sects could grow and shrink

What did Mahavira and Buddha emphasise?

Questioned the Vedas

Men and Women could strive to attain liberation from the trials and tribulation of worldly existence

Not determined by birth

When did the Buddha die?

4-5 century BCE

Who compiled the Buddha’s texts?

Council of elders at Vesali (Vaushli Bihar)

Buddha said everything orally

What does Tipitaka mean?

Three baskets to hold different kinds of text

What were the three Pitakas?

Vinaya Pitaka (Rules and regulation for the sangha)

Sutta Pitaka (Buddha teachings)

Abhidhamma Pitaka (Philosophical matters)

What were the new texts?

Dipavamsa (Chronicle of Island)

Mahavamsa (The great chronicle)

Pali later sanskrit

Who were the Chinese pilgrims?

Fa Xian and Xuan Zang

What languages have the scripts been written in?

Pali, Sanskrit, Chinese, and Tibetan

Other name for Mahavira?

Vardhamma 6th century

How many teachers preceded Mahavira?

23

Who is known as the one who guides men and women across the river of existence?

tirthankaras. Previous Jainism teacher

What is Jainism?

The world is animated

Non Injury to living beings is central ('non-injury' and 'non-killing) Ahmisa
Monastic living is neccessary

How can one free oneself from the cycle of Karma?

Asceticism and penance

Renoucing the world

What were the five Jaina vows?

To abstain from killing

Not stealing

Not lying

To observe celibacy

Abstain from possessing property

What is Uttaradhyayana Sutta?

a, describing how a queen named Kamalavati tried to persuade her husband to renounce the world:

Where was the Buddha teaching taken root?

Central Asia to China, Korea and Japan, and through Sri Lanka, across the seas to Myanmar, Thailand and Indonesia.

What is Hagiography?

Biography of a saint or religious leader

Praise their achievements

What clan was Buddha?

Sakya

What was the Buddha’s journey?

Had sheltered upbringing

Convinced his charioteer to go into the city

Saw old man, corpse, sick man dying

Saw that destruction of body was inevitable

Saw old man who came to terms with life

Tried body mortification

How many days did the Buddha meditate?

7

What is dhamma?

Path of righteous living

How did the Buddha try to convince people?

Through reason and persuasion rather than displays of supernatural powers

What is the word for transient?

Annica

What is the word for soulless?

Anatta

What is the word for sorrow?

Dukkha

What is the world according to Buddhist philopshy?

Transient (anicca) and constantly changing

Soulless (anatta)

Sorrow / Dukka is intrinsic

Path of moderation leads to people rising over worldy troubles

Social world is created by Humman

How should a master look after his servants?

by assigning them work according to their strength

by supplying them with food and wages,

by tending them in sickness;

by sharing delicacies with them

by granting leave at times

5 How should clansmen look after needs of samanas and Brahmanas?

by affection in act

by affection in speech

by affection in mind,

by keeping open house to them and

supplying their worldly needs

Who were samanas?

Those who have renounced the world

What did the buddha advice?

People to be human and ethical

What is the extinguishing of the ego called?

Nibbana

What were the Buddha’s last words?

“Be lamps unto yourselves as all of you must work out your own liberation.”

What were monks known as?

Bhikkus

Who convinced women be allowed in sanghas?

Ananda

Who was the first Bhikkhuni? Who was the foster mother of the Buddha?

Mahapajapati Gotami

What were respected women who had attained liberation called?

theris

How were decisions made?

Consensus or voting

How long should a bhikku keep a blanket?

6 years

How many bowlfuls can a bhikku eat from his family?

2-3

What is fellow feeling called?

Metta

What is compassion called?

Karuna

What does Chatiya mean?

Funeral Pyre

Where was the Buddha born?

Lumbini

Where did the Buddha gain enlightenment?

Bodh Gaya

Where did the Buddha give his first sermon?

Sarnath

Where did Buddha attain Nibbana?

Kusingara

How long after Buddha’s death did Ashoka build a pillar?

200 years

What is Ashokavadana?

Buddhist text which said that Asoka built stupas

When were stupas at Bharhut, Sanchi and Sarnath built?

Second Century BCE

Why were Stupas (thupas in pali) built?

Contained relics or body of the Buddha

How were Stupas built?

Donations

What is a simple semi-circular mound of earth called?

Anda

What’s the word for balcony like structure that represented the abode of the gods?

Harmika

What’s a mast called?

Yashiti

What is an umbrella called (Stupa)?

Chhatri

What was the structure of stupas?

Originated as semi-circular mound of earth

Above it a balcony like structure was built

A mast arised from that

It was surrounded by an umbrella

Entered towards eastern gateway and walked clockwise

later mound were carved with niches and sculptures

Mounds with niches and sculptures

Amaravati, and Shah ji-ki-Dheri in Peshawar

Who was Colin Mackenzie?

Visited amravati and documented it

Who was Walter Elliot?

Commissioner of Guntur colleted sculputre panels

What does Situ mean?

On the spot

What are wandering storytellers who carry scrolls called?

charanachitras

What scene is the sculpture in Sanchi based on?

Vessantara Jataka.

Prince who gave everything to live in the forest with his wife

What did the wheel mean?

Sermon of Buddha

What did the empty seat mean?

Meditation and Mahaparnibbana

Who was shalabhanjika?

Women whose touch caused trees to flowe and bear fruit

What did Elephants signify?

Strength and wisdom

What is one of the best kept art?

Painting of cave walls such as in Ajanata

Who is Maya?

Mother of Buddha

Who is the goddess of good fortune?

Gajalakasmi

What is the word for consecration?

Abhishenka

Who are Bodhisattas?

Compassionate beings who accumulate merit through their efforts to help other people reach nibbana

What is Mahayana Buddhism?

Considered Buddha as savior and not a regular person

What were people who followed path of older tradition in Buddhism called?

Theravadins

Theras

What did supporters of Mahayana call other buddhists?

Hinaya

What is Vaishnavism?

Vishnu is main deity

What is Shaivism?

Shiva is main god

How many avatars did Vishnu have?

10

How was Shiva depicted?

Linga

What are ayudhas?

weapons or auspicious objects the deities hold in their hands how they are seated, e