Biology Chapter One

The Chemicals of Life + Metabolism + Enzymes (Excluding 1.1) --> Note 2-9

Reducing Agent

Substance that provides the Electron

Oxidizing Agent

Substance that takes the Electron

LEO goes GER

• Lose Electrons = Oxidized

• Gain Electrons = Reduction

Substance is Oxidized —>

Reducing Agent

Substance is Reduced —>

Oxidizing Agent

Activation Energy

Certain amount of energy needed for a reaction to happen

Kinetic Energy

Energy possessed by moving objects

Potential Energy

Stored Energy

Exothermic Reaction

• "Heat Energy”

• Reactants High Energy —> Products Low Energy

• Cellular Respiration

Endothermic Reaction

• “Cool Energy”

• Reactants Low —> Products High

• Photosynthesis

Why is Enthalpy Value negative in Exothermic Reactions?

• Triangle H, Amount of energy available in chemical substances

• Negative when reactions gives off energy

What are Enzymes? What do they do?

• Catalyst made out of proteins

• Enzymes allow molecules to react together - Without using heat

How do Enzymes work?

• Lowers the activation cost

• Reacts with a substrate (reactant) —> Binds to the enzymes active site

Proper Substrate

Bind to a specific active site —> Induced fit model

Difference between Mineral and Vitamin

• Mineral = Inorganic

• Vitamin - Organic

Competitive Inhibitor

• Similar shape to substrate

• Floods active site if too much

• If Regular Substrate is Plentiful —> Out Competes

Non-Competitive Inhibitor

• Attaches to a separate site

• Slightly changes Enzymes Shape

(Allosteric Regulation) Inhibiting the Enzyme’s action

• Allosteric Activator: Molecule binds, stabilizes active form of enzyme

• Allosteric Inhibitor: Molecule binds, stabilizes inactive form of enzyme

(Allosteric Regulation) Restricting production of Enzyme Itself

• Feedback Inhibition: Used to keep enzyme levels in check

What is “Negative Feedback,” How does it Work?

• Feedback Inhibition —> Sequential Reactions (Controlled by Specific Enzyme)

• Allosteric Inhibitor produced somewhere, slows down sequence of events (End Product)

How is bread able to rise when baked?

• Yeast cells catalyze the conversion of glucose

• Ethanol + CO2 Gas —> Creates Air Pockets

Catalyst

Substance that speeds up Chemical Reaction

Why is ATP important in living things?

• Adenosine Trphosphate - Main source of free energy

• Important in Metabolism

  • Photosynthesis, and Cellular Respiration

How does ATP store energy?

• Enzyme makes the third phosphate on the molecule break off

  —> Molecule of ADP + Energy (Hydrolysis Reaction)

• Pi (Free Phosphate) attaches to other molecules (Phosphorylation)

Types of Macromolecules

• Carbohydrates

• Lipids

• Proteins

• Nucleic Acids

Polymer

Molecules made of long strands of smaller repeating sub units

Anabolic Reaction

Absorbs energy —> Builds up molecules from smaller ones

• Energy stored in the bonds

Catabolic Reaction

Large Molecules are broken down into smaller ones

• Energy is released

Polysaccharides

Composed of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharide sub units

Unsaturated Fatty Acids Liquid at Room Temp

• Contains Carbon Double Bonds (Bend or Kink)

• Can’t allign with Saturated Fatty Acids = Can’t stack tightly (Liquid)

Hydrophobic

• Water Hating

• Have more C and H Bonds

• Non-Polar

Hydrophillic

• Water Loving

• Have fewer O and H Bonds

• Normally Polar

How are Proteins Formed?

• Created through the genetic info in DNA

• Codes the production of Proteins

Two Main Functional Groups

Amino Group, and Carboxyl Group

Structure of DNA

• Base, Sugar, and Phosphate Group

• Adenine and Guanine - Purines -Cytosine and Thymine - Pyrimidines

Antiparralel Nucleic Acids Strands

• Two Backbones of molecule made up of alternating phosphate and sugar groups

ONLY IF:

• Each strand run in OPPOSITE Directions

Structure of a Typical Cell Membrane

• Separates INSIDE and OUT

• Composed of a Bilayer (Double Layer) of Fat Molecules

• Attached to Two Fatty Acids and a Highly Polar Group

Fluid Mosaic Model

• Proteins and Carbohydrates are suspended in the Membrane

• Isn’t Solid - Parts can move

Passive Transport

• HIGH TO LOW

• Doesn’t require Energy

Active Transport

• LOW TO HIGH

• Requires Energy

• Simple and Facilitated Diffusion

Simple Diffusion

• High to Low

• Substances pass through without help

Facilitated Diffusion

• Assist movement in membrane using special proteins

• Helps

Endocytosis Reaction

• Brings large amounts of material INTO the cell

Phagocytosis: Bulk transport of SOLIDS

Pinocytosis: Bulk transport of LIQUIDS

Exocytosis Reaction

• Moves large amounts of materials OUT the cell

  Enclosed in a membrane sac (Secretory Vesicle) —> Fuses with cell membrane

Functions of Cell Membrane

• Allows Substances IN and OUT

Reasoning for Low Fats in Mitochondria

Functions of Mitochondria

• “Power Plant”

• Makes Energy available from Stored Glucose (CELLULAR RESPIRATION)

Functions of Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Transports materials throughout the cell

• RER - Attached Ribosomes = Generates Proteins

• SER - No Ribosomes = Generates Fats

Golgi Bodies interacting with ER

• Collect and processes materials that need to be removed from cell

• Products from ER are pinched off

Monomers of Macromolecules

Carbohydrates - Monosaccharide

Proteins - Amino Acids

Nucleic Acids - DNA