Exam 1 short answer

Chromoplasts

Originate from chloroplast breakdown; orange appearance; function to attract animals for seed dispersal.

Chloroplasts

Formed from light hitting etioplasts; green appearance; function in photosynthesis.

Leucoplasts

Formed from proplastids; colorless; function in storage and synthesis of starch, proteins, and/or lipids.

Xylem Structure and Function

Made of vessel elements, tracheids, parenchyma, and fibers. Transports water and minerals from roots to leaves. Dead at maturity for efficient transport.

Phloem Structure and Function

Made of sieve tube members, companion cells, fibers, parenchyma, and ray cells. Transports sugars bidirectionally. Alive at maturity for active transport.

Buttress Roots

Large, wide roots that provide stability in shallow soil.

Contractile Roots

Smaller roots that pull the plant deeper into the soil.

Prop Roots

Roots that grow above ground to support plants in high wind conditions.

Modified Stems: Tubers

Underground stems that store food.

Modified Stems: Runners

Horizontal stems that grow above ground for propagation.

Modified Stems: Stolons

Horizontal stems that grow beneath the ground.

Modified Leaves: Tendrils

Leaves that curl around rigid objects to help support the plant.

Modified Leaves: Spines

Leaves that protect against herbivory and reduce leaf surface area.

Modified Leaves: Bulbs

Fleshy leaves that store carbohydrates.

Complete vs. Incomplete Flowers

Complete flowers have all of their whorls, while incomplete flowers are missing at least one whorl.

Perfect vs. Imperfect Flowers

Perfect flowers have both male and female organs, while imperfect flowers are missing either the male or female organs.

Mango Seed Dispersal

Disperses using gravity due to the weight of the hanging fruit.

Dandelion Seed Dispersal

Uses wind dispersal via light seeds with feathery, hair-like projections that catch the wind.

Coconut Seed Dispersal

Uses water dispersal via light seeds with tissues full of air that allow it to float.